Objective Parents with cancer want information about maintaining family functioning despite cancer. This scoping review assesses what online information resources are available to help parents with cancer maintain family functioning, the quality of the available information, and whether resources provide specific advice for parents of adolescent and young adult (AYA) children. Methods To identify available relevant English‐language online information resources, we imitated a parental online information search using three search engines (Google, Yahoo, and Bing). Online resources from the last 10 years for parents with cancer addressing family functioning were included. These resources were rated using the DISCERN instrument—a tool for rating the reliability and quality of health information resources. Results 684 results were screened and 33 online information resources from the USA, UK, Australia, Canada, and Ireland met the inclusion criteria. Average DISCERN quality was 54/80 (95% CI:50‐58), which is typical for online health information. The highest rated resources provided information for parents on supporting their AYA children's needs for information and support with feelings, but few comprehensively covered other specific AYA needs. Details on resource weaknesses as identified by the DISCERN are presented. Conclusions Several high‐quality resources for parents with cancer were identified from multiple countries, allowing health professionals internationally to direct patients with cancer to relevant high quality online information. Highlighted limitations in resource quality and scope will guide future resource development and revision, ensuring more comprehensive high quality information is available to support families affected by parental cancer internationally.

Investigators have been shown to be prone to accessing information that confirms their preferred hypothesis. This tendency has been termed hypothesis confirmation. Hypothesis confirmation behaviour was explored in two studies using a computer administered simulation of a murder investigation. In Study 1, hypothesis confirmation behaviour did not differentiate successful and unsuccessful participants. However, unsuccessful participants stored more confirmatory information than non‐confirmatory information. Successful participants did not show this pattern. In Study 2, unsuccessful participants tended to settle early on a suspect and then acquired information that supported their decision. Successful participants tended to consider a number of suspects for longer and accessed a greater diversity of information. Taken together, these findings are highly suggestive of the role of information acquisition as an important component of hypothesis confirmatory behaviour, which is associated with unsuccessful information processing in the context of a simulated murder investigation. Implications for practice are presented. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

In order to understand analytic processes in organisations, better tools are required to trace decision processes. An impediment to progress in this area has been the tendency to over-simplify inherently complex information environments or the data that they produce. We address this issue by providing worked examples from the Analysis Simulation Project (ASP). ASP methodology consists of a computer-administered information grid of 64 cells of 50-130 words each. The information accessing activity of participants is recorded. Our results present novel approaches to maintaining optimal complexity in environmental representation and data analysis. Specifically we demonstrate how computer-mediated process tracing methods can simulate the cognitive experience of complexity and how the data can be used to examine behaviour at increasing levels of complexity. We conclude that computer-mediated process-tracing tools provide an opportunity to comprehensively model www.ccsenet.org/ijps International Journal of Psychological Studies Vol. 4, No. 1; March 2012 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education 159 complex information processing behaviour and therefore allow improved insight into phenomena with similar outcomes but distinct processes.

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Abstract:In the past decade official reports into intelligence failures have asserted that analysts are subject to the effects of everyday cognitive limitations. The present study examined the influence of an individual's inclination toward closedmindedness on a computer administered simulated intelligence analysis task. Results indicate that several components of closed-mindedness as measured by the need for cognitive closure scale [NFC] significantly predicted the assessed level of threat posed to and general attitude toward a visiting government delegation by a foreign nation's population. Most significantly higher scores on the NFC subscale 'need for predictability' were associated with higher scores on the initial assessed threat level. This effect remained after controlling for the amount of information accessed. The implications of these findings for the conduct of intelligence analysis are discussed.

Children’s engagement in screen time is a complex issue. While some forms of screen time have consistently been associated with harm, others have been associated with gains, making it difficult to weigh the risks and benefits of use. In this umbrella review, we systematically collate and synthesise meta-analyses examining the effects of screen use on children and youth. We converted results onto a common metric to make comparisons simple, and where possible we reanalysed study-level data to standardise the approach across meta-analyses. We identified 116 meta-analyses, and extracted 165 unique exposure/outcome combinations. These effects represent the findings of 2,171 primary studies comprised of 1,652,944 participants. When focusing on the meta-analyses with the most statistically robust evidence, we found that general screen use (when content was not indicated), was associated with potentially harmful impacts on learning, literacy, body composition, and depression. Like-wise, social media was consistently associated with risks to health, with no identified benefits. However, we also found that these harms could often be mitigated by certain kinds of content (e.g., educational), or by modifying the context (e.g., co-viewing with a parent). In summary, our findings point to the need for careful and nuanced guidelines that support parents to make the best decisions for their children.