The study aimed to evaluate nutraceutical potential of three commercially significant edible jellyfish species (Acromitus hardenbergi, Rhopilema hispidum and Rhopilema esculentum). The bell and oral arms of these jellyfishes were analyzed for their proximate composition, calorific value, collagen content, amino acid profile, chemical score and elemental constituent. In general, all jellyfish possessed low calorific values (1.0-4.9 kcal/g D.W.) and negligible fat contents (0.4-1.8 g/100 g D.W.), while protein (20.0-53.9 g/100 g D.W.) and minerals (15.9-57.2g/100g D.W.) were found to be the richest components. Total collagen content of edible jellyfish varied from 122.64 to 693.92 mg/g D.W., accounting for approximately half its total protein content. The dominant amino acids in both bell and oral arms of all jellyfish studied includes glycine, glutamate, threonine, proline, aspartate and arginine, while the major elements were sodium, potassium, chlorine, magnesium, sulfur, zinc and silicon. Among the jellyfish, A. hardenbergi exhibited significantly higher total amino acids, chemical scores and collagen content (p<0.05) compared to R. hispidum and R. esculentum. Having good protein quality and low calories, edible jellyfish is an appealing source of nutritive ingredients for the development of oral formulations, nutricosmetics and functional food.

Natural antioxidants from sustainable sources are favoured to accommodate worldwide antioxidant demand. In addition to bioprospecting for natural and sustainable antioxidant sources, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between the bioactives (i.e. carotenoid and phenolic acids) and the antioxidant capacities in fucoxanthin-producing algae. Total carotenoid, phenolic acid, fucoxanthin contents and fatty acid profile of six species of algae (five microalgae and one macroalga) were quantified followed by bioactivity evaluation using four antioxidant assays. Chaetoceros calcitrans and Isochrysis galbana displayed the highest antioxidant activity, followed by Odontella sinensis and Skeletonema costatum which showed moderate bioactivities. Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Saccharina japonica exhibited the least antioxidant activities amongst the algae species examined. Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression showed that both carotenoids and phenolic acids were significantly correlated (p<0.05) with the antioxidant activities, indicating the influence of these bioactives on the algal antioxidant capacities.

Producing more food for a growing population in the coming decades, while at the same time combating environmental issues, is a huge challenge faced by the worldwide population. The risks that come with climate change make the mission more daunting. Billion tons of agriculture by-products are produced each year along the agricultural and food processing processes. There is a need to take further actions on exploring the inner potential of agrowaste to stand out as food ingredient to partially or fully substitute the foods in orthodox list. Some of the agro-waste contains the most valuable nutrients in the plant and it is truly a "waste" to dispose any of them. Furthermore, the paper aims at discussing the possible methods of modification to improve the safety and feasibility of the agro-waste either through physical, chemical or microbiological ways. The safety issues and bioactivity contains in the agro-waste also been discussed to present the better overall ideas about the employing of agro-waste in food applications.

The current study is aimed to determine the antioxidant properties of crude ethanolic extract (CEE) of defatted kenaf seed meal (DKSM) and its derived n-butanol (BF) and aqueous (AqF) fractions. Spectrophotometric assays showed that BF contained the highest amount of phenolic compounds and saponins, followed by CEE and AqF (p < 0.05). Similarly, HPLC-DAD analysis revealed that level of all the detected predominant phenolic compounds was significantly higher in BF (p < 0.05). Through multiple antioxidant assays, BF exhibited higher antioxidant activity than CEE and AqF, except for iron chelating activity (p < 0.05). Antioxidant activity of CEE and fractions were strongly correlated to their phenolic and saponin contents. This study showed that phenolic compounds and saponins could be extracted and partially purified simultaneously from DKSM by employing a simple alcoholic extraction-fractionation procedure. High antioxidative phenolics-saponins rich fraction from DKSM is a potential active ingredient that could be applied in nutraceuticals, functional foods as well as natural food preservatives.

a b s t r a c tThe present study reports nutritional composition, phenolic content and antioxidant activity of defatted kenaf seed meal (DKSM) in comparison to wheat, rice and sweet potato flours. Proximate analysis revealed that DKSM was high in protein (26.19 g/100 g DKSM) and carbohydrate (57.09 g/100 g DKSM). Magnesium, potassium and phosphorus were the major minerals (>1 g/100 g DKSM) found in DKSM through Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometric analysis. DKSM also exhibited appreciably higher total phenolic (3399.37 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g defatted material) and flavonoid contents (251.00 mg rutin equivalent (RE)/g defatted material) as well as antioxidant activity as compared to all selected edible flours (p < 0.05). Gallic acid, (þ)-catechin, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid and syringic acid were determined as the predominant phenolics in DKSM through HPLCeDAD analysis. On the basis of this study, DKSM may be declared and commercialized as a highly antioxidative and nutritive edible flour, which can be prospectively used in the development of natural food preservative, nutraceuticals and functional foods.

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Fucoxanthin is the major carotenoid produced by diatoms and shown to exhibit potent anti-obesity and anticancer activities. This study presents a simple protocol for the preparation of fucoxanthin-rich fraction (FxRF) with high antioxidative properties from a selected marine diatom, Chaetoceros calcitrans. Fucoxanthin concentrates were prepared from crude methanolic extract (CME) with liquid-liquid partitioning of three types of solvent systems (i.e. diethyl ether-water, dichloromethane-water and ethyl acetate-water), followed by comparative antioxidant evaluation. Dichloromethane fraction (DCMF) was found to contain significantly higher (p b 0.05) level of carotenoid (7.13 ± 0.01 mg·g −1 DW) and fucoxanthin (5.25 ± 0.03 mg FX·g −1 DW) contents accompanied with elevated (p b 0.05) antioxidant activities (DPPH• and ABTS• + radical scavenging, and beta carotene bleaching assays) as compared to other tested fractions. This study showed that FxRF with enhanced antioxidant properties could be effectively produced and concentrated through the DCM-H 2 O partition of CME.

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