Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a current global pandemic. The case number has increased since December 31, 2019. It has been reported that COVID-19 patients have been giving pain complaints, one of which is muscular pain. Other types of pain that have also been reported by COVID-19 patients are joint pain, stomach pain, and testicular pain. Neuropathic pain is the rarest case among others. COVID-19 mechanisms in the nerve and musculoskeletal damage are believed to be caused by the expression and distribution of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2). Patients with pain, especially neuropathic pain, normally do not respond well to various therapies, and experience psychiatric disorders such as depression, which leads to a decrease in the patient’s quality of life. Important considerations for health professionals in terms of pain management during this pandemic include ensuring treatment continuity, painkillers, utilization of telemedicine, biopsychosocial management approach, and modifying therapy needs to reduce the risks of COVID-19 complications.

Increased chronic kidney disease (CKD) mortality rate is significantly associated with increased blood phosphate levels. Hyperphosphatemia control is one of the main focuses in the management of hemodialysis (HD) patients. A high protein diet has been suggested to prevent malnutrition in hemodialysis patients. However, a high protein and phosphorus diet has the risk of increasing the phosphate level in the blood circulation, leading to a higher mortality rate of hemodialysis patients. This study aimed to prove that the level of protein and phosphate intake is associated with hyperphosphatemia in CKD patients with routine HD. This was cross-sectional analytical study conducted from September to October 2020 on 66 CKD patients who underwent hemodialysis. Subject characteristics and phosphorus and protein intake data were obtained from a questionnaire food recall adapted from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Data consumption patterns were processed using the nutritional survey software to obtain the nutritional values. Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test to identify the relationship and risk between hyperphosphatemia and diet protein, phosphorus, and protein-phosphorus ratio. The confidence level in this study was 95%. There was a significant relationship between protein and phosphorus intake in hyperphosphatemia in CKD patients. The risk factors for hyperphosphatemia were high phosphorus intake (p=0.018; OR=3.886;95% CI: 1.212–12.460) and adequate protein intake (p=0.035; OR=3.674; 95% CI: 1.049-12.865). This study showed no significant relationship between phosphorus-protein ratio, protein-phosphorus ratio, and hyperphosphatemia incidence. In conclusion, high protein intake and excessive phosphorus intake provide a significant relationship to the incidence of hyperphosphatemia in CKD patients undergoing routine hemodialysis.

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) merupakan sebuah permasalahan utama dalam penyakit infeksi dikarenakan telah resisten beberapa antibiotika. Agen anti-bakteri yang dapat melawan MRSA sangat diperlukan untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut. Biji Pepaya (Carica papaya L.) mengandung Flavonoid-Saponin yang sangat berpotensi sebagai anti-bakterial yang kuat sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan dalam dunia kesehatan. Adapun tujuan penelitian yakni untuk membuktikan aktivitas anti-bakteri ekstrak Biji Pepaya terhadap perkembangan bakteri MRSA. Buah pepaya dikumpulkan dari satu perkebunan di daerah Tabanan, Bali. Biji pepaya dibuat dalam bentuk ekstrak kental menggunakan metode maserasi. Uji anti-bakteri menggunakan metode difusi Kirby-Bauer. Metode Kirby-Bauer dibuat dibuat menggunakan blank disk atau cakram disk. Dilakukan 6 perlakuan, yaitu ekstrak etanol biiji pepaya dengan konsentrasi 25%, 50%, 75% dan 100%, kontrol positif vancomycin 30µg dan kontrol negatif dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Setiap perlakuan dilakukan empat kali pengulangan. Diameter zona hambat pada kultur MRSA dicatat dan data dianalisis menggunakan aplikasi SPSS. Hasil uji ekstrak biji papaya menunjukan terjadi penghambatan pertumbuhan dari aktivitas bakteri MRSA yakni dengan rerata diameter zona hambat pada konsentrasi 25% sebesar 6,67±0,577 mm; 50% sebesar 9,00±1,000 mm; 75% sebesar 10,00±1,000 mm; dan 100% sebesar 11,67±0,577 mm. Berdasarkan hasil uji beda rerata, diperoleh terdapat perbedaan signifikan antara diameter zona hambat pada setiap kelompok (p