BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury (AKI) in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has high incidence and mortality. Risk factors for AKI in COVID-19 patients are not well explored. This systematic review provides a combination of available evidence regarding risk factors of AKI in COVID-19 patients. METHODS: A systematic research was performed in Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ScienceDirect journal databases from 2019 to August 2020. The study selection process was plotted using a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses flow diagram. RESULTS: Out of 553 studies found, four full-text studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in qualitative analysis. There are 2205 COVID-19 patients with AKI (36.44%) from 6051 COVID-19 patients. Age was a risk factors for AKI in two studies (odds ratio [OR] 1.03 [p < 0.001], OR 1.03 [p < 0.007]). Critical condition of patient is risk factors for AKI (OR 8.155 [p = 0.006]). Hirsch et al. stated that diabetes mellitus (OR 1.74 [p < 0.001]), cardiovascular disease (OR 1.48 [p < 0.001]), and hypertension (OR 1.25 [p = 0.02]) are also risk factors. Laboratory results such as elevated procalcitonin (PCT) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 showed positive association to AKI in COVID-19 patients (OR 4.822 [p = 0.037]; OR 13.451 [p = 0.016]). A higher sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score at admission is one of the risk factors (OR 1.498 [p = 0.027]). CONCLUSION: Demographics, clinical classification of COVID-19, comorbidities, SOFA score, PCT, and eGFR can help clinicians predict AKI in COVID-19 patients.

Purpose Biggest cause of death in chronic kidney disease-hemodialysis (CKD-HD) patients is cardiovascular disease (CVD). Cardiovascular disease is often associated with mineral bone disorders (MBD), especially vascular and valvular calcification. Biomarkers such as C-terminal-fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23), intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were investigated. Only few studies have focused on valvular calcification in CKD-HD patients, with controversial results. The present study aimed to investigate whether high C-terminal-FGF-23, iPTH, and IL-6 can be used as determinants of valvular calcification in CKD-MBD patients undergoing regular HD. Patients and Methods This was an analytical cross-sectional study which involved CKD-HD patients aged 18–60 years with no history of CVD, malignancy, and diabetes mellitus. C-terminal FGF-23 was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit, iPTH using chemiluminescent immunometric method, and IL-6 using sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique. Valvular calcification on aortic and mitral valves was examined with echocardiography. Data analysis was done using Chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results Bivariate analysis with Fisher’s exact test showed significant association of prevalence ratio (PR) of C-terminal FGF-23 (PR = 1.33; p = 0.003; CI (1.017–1.748)), iPTH (PR = 1.361; p = 0.002; CI (1.02–1.816)), and IL-6 (PR = 1.2; p = 0.019; CI (1.000–1.446)) with valvular calcification. Multivariate analysis with logistic regression showed high C-terminal FGF-23 (exp (B) value of 16.44; p = 0.045; CI (1.07–252.75)), iPTH (exp (B) value of 33.312; p = 0.016; CI (1.94–571.71)), and IL-6 (exp (B) value of 21.58; p = 0.0381; CI (1.18–394.87)) were determinants of valvular calcification in CKD-MBD patients undergoing regular HD. Conclusion This study demonstrated that high C-terminal FGF-23, iPTH, and IL-6 were determinants of valvular calcification in CKD-MBD patients undergoing regular HD.

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Background: Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a manifestation of acute kidney injury (AKI) that occurs after exposure to intravascular contrast media. This often occurs after cardiac catheterization or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). So it is important to know what risk factors can affect the occurrence of CIN in patients undergoing coronary intervention. Objective: To determine the relationship of CIN risk factors to the incidence of CIN in patients undergoing coronary intervention. Methods: Prospective cohort study of 50 patients undergoing coronary intervention at Sanglah Hospital in January - June 2019. Analysis bivariate using the chi square, if the condition is not fulfilled, analyze using Fisher test. Then, multivariate analysis with logistic regression was performed. Data analysis using SPSS software version 24.0. Result: Of the 50 patients who underwent coronary intervention as many as 7 people experienced CIN. Risk factors that were statistically significant related to the incidence of CIN, including serum creatinin levels before treatment (RR, 1,53; 95% CI, 1,11-2,12; p = 0,001), and amount of contrast (RR, 6,074; 95% CI, 1,64-22,54; p = 0,015). Multivariate analysis with probability of CIN in patients with contrast ≥ 100 ml and serum creatinine> 1.5 (p = 66%). Conclusion: there was a statistically significant relationship between serum creatinin levels and the amount of contrast with the incidence of CIN in patients undergoing coronary intervention.