Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a current global pandemic. The case number has increased since December 31, 2019. It has been reported that COVID-19 patients have been giving pain complaints, one of which is muscular pain. Other types of pain that have also been reported by COVID-19 patients are joint pain, stomach pain, and testicular pain. Neuropathic pain is the rarest case among others. COVID-19 mechanisms in the nerve and musculoskeletal damage are believed to be caused by the expression and distribution of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2). Patients with pain, especially neuropathic pain, normally do not respond well to various therapies, and experience psychiatric disorders such as depression, which leads to a decrease in the patient’s quality of life. Important considerations for health professionals in terms of pain management during this pandemic include ensuring treatment continuity, painkillers, utilization of telemedicine, biopsychosocial management approach, and modifying therapy needs to reduce the risks of COVID-19 complications.

Background: perinatal asphyxia is the second-highest cause of neonatal death in Indonesia. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), perinatal asphyxia is when a baby experiences spontaneous and regular breathing failure immediately after birth. Various risk factors may cause perinatal asphyxia, including maternal, fetal, and placental factors. This study aims to identify the risk factors associated with the incidence of perinatal asphyxia at the Sanjiwani Regional General Hospital, Gianyar. Methods: This research was an observational analytic study with a case-control design involving 114 samples of newborns from January 1 to December 31, 2022, at the Sanjiwani Gianyar Hospital. The case group was selected using a total sampling technique, and the control group using a simple random sampling technique. Data were extracted from the medical records and analyzed using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate methods. Bivariate analysis used Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests, while multivariate analysis used logistic regression. The P-value of <0.05 is considered significant. Results: A total of 57 cases and 57 controls were included in this study. The bivariate analysis found the factors associated with perinatal asphyxia were meconium-stained amniotic fluid (p=0.021; OR=2.742; 95%CI=1.150-6.539), mode of delivery (p=0.003; OR=3.203; 95%CI=1.484-6.913), low birth weight (p=0.002; OR=4.595; 95%CI=1.681-12.561), and prematurity (p=0.006; OR=4.732; 95%CI=1.462-15.322). In multivariate analysis, it was found that meconium-stained amniotic fluid has the strongest association with perinatal asphyxia. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between meconium-stained amniotic fluid, method of delivery, low birth weight, and prematurity with the incidence of perinatal asphyxia.