Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are gaining attention as the new generation of lipid vehicles. These carriers consist of saturated lipids with small drops of liquid oil dispersed into the inner lipid matrix and are stabilized by a surfactant. Conventionally, NLC-based drug delivery systems have been widely studied, and many researchers are looking into the composition of NLC properties to improve the performance of NLCs. The membrane fluidity and polarity of self-assembling lipids are also essential properties that must be affected by membrane compositions; however, such fundamental characteristics have not been studied yet. In this study, NLCs were prepared from cetyl palmitate (CP), caprylic triglyceride (CaTG), and Tween 80 (T80). Structural properties, such as particle size and ζ-potential of the CP/CaTG/T80 ternary mixtures, were investigated. Then, the systematic characterization of self-assembly properties using fluorescence-based analysis was applied for the first time to the NLC system. As a final step, the ternary diagram was developed based on the self-assembly properties to summarize the possible structures formed at different compositions. The results showed four states: micelle-like, oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion-like, solid lipid nanoparticle-like, and intermediate (solid−liquid coexistence). For the purpose of making the lipid matrix more liquified, the heterogeneous state and the disordered state of the O/W emulsionlike structure might fulfill the criteria of NLCs. Finally, the ternary diagram provides new information about the assembly state of NLC constituents that could become an important reference for developing high-performance NLCs.

The effect of natural antibiotics Moringa oleifera seeds powder in cellulose acetate membranes as biofouling reducer agent was investigated. Mixed matrix membranes (MMM) were synthesized by adding 100 mesh M. oleifera seeds powder with variation of three concentrations (1 wt%, 2 wt%, and 3 wt%), into a mix polymer solution of CA (cellulose acetate) and two different solvents, i.e., DMF (dimethylformamide) and DMAc (dimethylacetamide). The synthesized membranes morphology was observed under scanning electron microscopy and from the images can be seen that the membranes made of DMAc formed rather large macrovoid as compared to DMF-based membranes. The microstructure affected the water flux through the membranes, in which the DMAc membranes provided a higher flux value and served as high-throughput microfiltration membranes. Antibacterial properties of MMM were tested using Escherichia coli adhesion onto membrane surfaces. The results showed that M. oleifera has been proven to eradicate E. coli activity on the membrane surfaces due to interaction between bacterial cells and phenolic compounds from M. oleifera, through absorption processes involving hydrogen bonds. two or more different properties of components combined, to achieve a better separation performance. In order to promote antifouling properties, some combination of functionalized fillers and polymer matrixes have been used, such as a combination of nanoparticles of anatase TiO 2 /polysulfone [10] and Ag-loaded graphene oxide/polyethersulfone [11]. Those combination were effective, however the use of metal components as fillers, e.g., silver particles, might be unsafe for membrane that is used for food processing application. The use of plant-based subtances, might provide a more reliable and safe anti-biofoulant, such as the utilization of cardanol [12]. In this study, a natural antibacterial M. oleifera seeds powder is evaluated to be employed as filler to the cellulose acetate polymer matrix to form anti-biofouling MMM.M. oleifera could be utilized against Gram positive and negative bacteria [13]. Recombinant protein inside M. oleifera seeds is able to agglomerate Gram positive and negative bacterial cells [14]. By its properties, Moringa seeds could potentially be used as for environmentally friendly antibiofouling, because these natural ingredients are not harmful, even if used in large quantities when compared with chemicals or metals that are commonly used as agents to reduce biofouling.As for polymeric matrix, cellulose acetate has been chosen due to some beneficial properties. Cellulose acetate has good properties as a membrane polymer for food processing due to renewable, biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic, and inexpensive subtances [15,16]. Cellulose acetate has relatively thermal and chemical stability [17], because cellulose has a rich of hydroxyl groups and it is able to form a strong hydrogen bonds that could not be separated easily [18]. Cellulose acetate are also extraordinary hydrophilic, which can be used for minimizing fouling on t...

The ultrafiltration membrane process is widely used for fruit juice clarification, yet the occurring of fouling promotes a decline in process efficiency. To reduce the fouling potential in the membrane application in food processing, the use of natural phenolic compounds extracted from cocoa pod husk is investigated. The cocoa pod husk extract (CPHE) was prepared in phenolic nanoparticles form and added into the polymer solution at varying concentrations of 0.5 wt%, 0.75 wt%, and 1.0 wt%, respectively. The composite membrane was made of a cellulose acetate polymer using DMF (dimethylformamide) and DMAc (dimethylacetamide) solvents. The highest permeability of 2.34 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 was achieved by 1.0 wt% CPHE/CA prepared with the DMAc solvent. CPHE was found to reduce the amount of Escherichia coli attached to the membranes by 90.5% and 70.8% for membranes prepared with DMF and DMAc, respectively. It is concluded that CPHE can be used to control biofouling in the membrane for food applications.

Kenikir (Cosmos caudatus) merupakan tumbuhan yang banyak terdapat di Indonesia. Selama ini kenikir hanya dimanfaatkan sebagai sayuran atau lalapan, padahal daun kenikir mempunyai kandungan kimia yang mempunyai sifat antioksidan, antibakteri, dan dapat digunakan sebagai obat. Senyawa fenolik merupakan salah satu senyawa dalam daun kenikir yang mempunyai sifat antioksidan. Antioksidan merupakan senyawa yang berpotensi untuk melawan oksidan berbahaya yang dapat merusak sel tubuh. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan ekstraksi senyawa fenolik daun kenikir dengan Pulse Electric Field (PEF). Proses ekstraksi dilakukan dengan variasi rasio bahan: pelarut yaitu 1:4, 1:6, dan 1:8, sedangkan waktu pemaparan PEF yang digunakan adalah 3, 6, 9, 12 detik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan total fenol dan aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi didapatkan pada ekstraksi dengan rasio bahan:pelarut 1:8 selama 6 detik yaitu 5.87 mg GAE/g fw dan 70.74%

ABSTRAKPenelitian mengenai pengaruh suhu pemasakan dan kecepatan pengadukan terhadap kualitas gula merah tebu yang diolah dengan evaporator vakum tipe vertikal telah dilaksanakan. Gula merah tebu dihasilkan dari nira hijau yang telah dimurnikan dari pengotor dengan penambahan Ca(OH) 2 . Nira murni dimasak dengan variasi suhu pemasakan 60, 70, dan 80 o C, serta kecepatan pengadukan 200 dan 250 rpm. Gula merah tebu yang dihasilkan kemudian dianalisis warna, kadar air, kadar abu, sukrosa, uji organoleptik (uji mutu hedonik terhadap warna, rasa, tekstur / kekerasan). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi suhu pemasakan semakin baik kualitas warna, rasa, dan tekstur (kekerasan) gula merah yang dihasilkan. Sementara pengaruh kecepatan pengadukan terhadap gula merah tebu, yaitu semakin tinggi kecepatan pengadukan, kadar air gula merah yang dihasilkan semakin rendah, sehingga tekstur (kekerasan) gula merah tebu yang dihasillkan semakin baik. Selain dipengaruhi oleh suhu pemasakan dan kecepatan pengadukan, kualitas gula merah dipengaruhi oleh kualitas nira dan proses penjernihan. Kualitas nira yang baik akan menghasilkan rendemen yang tinggi, kadar air yang rendah, kadar sukrosa yang tinggi, serta warna, rasa, dan tekstur yang baik. Hasil terbaik diperoleh pada gula merah tebu yang dihasilkan dengan suhu pemasakan 70 o C dan kecepatan pengadukan 250 rpm, yaitu diperoleh rendemen 8.23%, kadar sukrosa 75.37%, tekstur (kekerasan) 4.52 kg/cm 2 , dan warna gula merah yang cerah dan mempunyai intensitas yang tinggi.Kata kunci: nira tebu, evaporator vakum, gula merah, pengadukan, suhu pemasakan ABSTRACT Research of the effect of cooking temperature and stirring speed on the quality of brown