The chemical composition of six oil samples, isolated from aerial parts of Elsholtzia blanda, E. penduliflora and E. winitiana, harvested in two provinces of Vietnam, was investigated by GC, in combination with retention indices (RI), GC/MS and 13 C NMR spectroscopy. Linalool was the major component (75.2 and 56.8%) of the two samples of E. blanda essential oil, whereas the two oil samples from E. penduliflora were dominated by 1,8-cineole (62.7 and 65.5%). Conversely, the two oil samples of E. winitiana exhibited different compositions, rosefuran (56.0%) and dehydroelsholtzia ketone (22.8%) being the major components of one sample, whilst the second sample was dominated by elsholtzia ketone (87.5%).
Balanophora subcupularis P.C.Tam, a new record species from Nui Ba forest (Lam Dong prov., Vietnam), is described, illustrated and compared to some species in the same genus Balanophora, together with a species with similar morphological features. The results were database to identify the species of Balanophora subcupularis P.C.Tam.
The phytochemistry and biological activity of four rare Balanophora species (B. subcupularis P.C. Tam (BS), B. tobiracola Makino (BT), B. fungosa var. globosa (Jungh.) B.Hansen (BFG), and B. fungosa subsp. indica (Arn.) B.Hansen (BFI)) growing in Vietnam have been studied. The six pentacyclic triterpenoids including β-amyrin, βamyrone, lupenone, lupeol, β-amyrin acetate, and lupeol acetate could be identified in all GC-MS chromatograms of four species but very different area percentage. The chemical investigation of B. subcupularis and B. tobiracola led to the isolation of coniferyl aldehyde, gallic acid, cinnamic acid, and caffeic acid. Gallic acid and coniferyl aldehyde were isolated from B. subcupularis for the first time, Among isolated compounds, coniferyl aldehyde showed moderate cytotoxicity activity at cancer cell lines A549, Hep3B, and PC3 at the concentration of 100 µg/ml (CS% = 24.05 -46.61%). Besides, this compound also significantly inhibited NO production (I% = 101.96 and 114.29 at two respectively concentrations of 30 µg/ml and 100 µg/ml).
Picria fel-terrae Lour. ex Wall (Scrophulariaceae), commonly known as "Thanh ngam", "Mat dat", "Dia dom thao" in Viet Nam, is a medicinal plant that has long been used in Vietnamese traditional medicine to treat anorexia, snake bite wound and help gastrointestinal irritation, sweating. 1,2 In Chinese traditional medicine, Picria fel-terrae Lour. ex Wall is used to treat common cold cause by wind-heat, swollen sore throat, throat impediment, mumps, pain in the epigastrium and abdomen, dysentery, injuries from falls and fights, deep-rooted boil and swelling, bite wound of a viper. Some chemical constituents found in this medicinal plant include triterpenoids, 3 phenylpropanoid glycosides, β-sitosterol 4 and some of its biological activities include diuretic 5 and cytotoxic activities. 6 This study provides a database on microscopic features and thin layer chromatogram of Picria fel-terrae Lour. ex Wall to identify the pharmacognostic parameters of Picria fel-terrae Lour. ex Wall. Materials and Methods Plant material The fresh plant of "Thanh ngam" was collected in Lao Cai, Viet Nam in October 2016. The morphologic features of the sample were described and compared to Flora of China in order to identify the scientific name. Microscopic features The transverse section of stem and powder characteristics of Picria felterrae Lour. ex Wall was described and illustrated. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) The methanol extract of Picria fel-terrae Lour. ex Wall was developed using some mobile phases of different solvent polarities.
The objective of this study is to determine the morphological characteristics of flowers and pollen, preliminary phytochemical evaluation and thin layer chromatography of five species of genus Balanophora J.R. & G. Forst collected in Viet Nam: Balanophora fungosa J.R. & G. Forst ssp. indica (Arn.) Hansen var. indica, Balanophora fungosa J.R. & G. Forst ssp. indica (Arn.) Hansen var. globosa (Jungh.) Hansen, Balanophora latisepala (Tiegh) Lecome, Balanophora laxiflora Hemsl, Balanophora subcupularis P.C. Tam. The morphological characteristics of male flowers, female flowers and spadicles, pollen grain of five species were described. Results of preliminary phytochemical evaluation of ethanol extracts of five species showed that all of five species have tannins, flavonoids, coumarins, sterols. Thin layer chromatography of ethanol extracts of five species were developed and base on TLC chromatogram, it is easy to differentiate these species.
Balanophora is a small genus belonging to the family Balanophoraceae. The study was aimed at identification of species of genus Balanophora in Ha Giang province, Viet Nam. Three species of the genus Balanophora including Balanophora laxiflora, Balanophora fungosa ssp. indica var. globosa and Balanophora fungosa ssp. indica var. indica were found in Quan Ba district, Ha Giang province, Viet Nam. Morphological features of the three species were described, illustrated and compared to each other. Balanophora fungosa ssp. indica var. indica was characterized by pink scapes, ellipsoid inflorescences; Balanophora fungosa ssp. indica var. globosa was characterized by surface coarsely tessellated, stellate warts were not distinct, yellow scapes, hoodlike leaves while Balanophora laxiflora was characterized by cylindric male inflorescences, apex acuminate, subsessile male flowers, anthers broken up into many locelli. The results served as database to identify the species of genus Balanophora in Ha Giang prov., Viet Nam.
In near-shores of Vietnam, there are increasing spatial conflicts among different fishing gear operators as a result of declining and overfishing of small-scale fisheries recently. A challenge facing both small fishers and local governments is identifying more appropriate marine resource governance and public policies to deal with conflicts in the interests of short-term economic feasibility as well as long-term sustainability. This study presents perceived spatial conflicts and priorities in the near-shore seascape of Hoai Nhon district (Binh Dinh, Vietnam). Participatory GIS and questionnaires for local fishers were used to collect data on fishery resources, spatial seascape, spatial conflicts and priorities. Likert scale's weighted mean (wMean), and consensus measure (CnS) were applied to rank spatial conflicts and priorities. The results show that, conflicts among fishing gear operators were ranked at the high level, and no conflict was really serious. The highest conflicts were between trawl operator and others, particularly with baby lobster trap in rocky-reefs. Trawl operations were ranked the lowest priority because of its serious negative impact on fishery resources and other fishing gears. Sustainable fishery management for study area requires the comparative analyses about spatial conflicts before making implementation. A marine spatial planning (MSP) or an integrated spatial planning (ISP) at local scale is considered essential for the study area by focusing on the result of ranking priority of fishing gear operators over each small spatial marine area.
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