Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) offers a minimally invasive and inexpensive alternative to traditional restorative caries treatment. Aim of this study was to evaluate the mineral density value and remineralization effect of 38% SDF solution and 5% sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish on artificial primary tooth dentin caries lesions.Materials and Methods: 54 extracted sound primary molars were demineralized and allocated into two groups: SDF and NaF groups. After pH-cycling, mineral density values (MDV) were assessed with micro computed tomography (micro-CT) and surface morphology were studied via scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Results: After remineralization agents were apllied and specimens pHcycled, the MDVs of the Region of Interest (ROI) in lesions increased in both NaF and SDF group. The mean MDV of SDF applied specimens was found to be higher than NaF applied specimens at statistically significant level. In the SEM images, it was observed that the dentinal tubules orifices were occluded almost completely in SDF group while the orifices in NaF group were partially occluded. Conclusions:The use of 38% SDF demonstrated a great remineralization effect on primary molar dentin than 5% NaF varnish. Further clinical studies are needed to investigate the effect of 38% SDF on primary molars which remains in the mouth longer than incisors and have a great function on chewing.

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Background This cross‐sectional study aimed to evaluate salivary concentrations of macrophage activation‐related chemokines and mitogen‐activated kinase kinase (MAPKK)‐degrading proteolytic activity in children and adolescents with and without type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Methods A total of 122 children and adolescents (65 T1DM patients, 50.8% female, mean age:10.9 years; 57 systemically healthy controls, 36.8% female, mean age: 9.5 years) were included in the study. Salivary concentrations of interferon gamma inducible protein‐10 (IP‐10), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1, MCP‐2, MCP‐3, MCP‐4, macrophage‐derived chemokine (MDC), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), monokine induced by interferon gamma (MIG), and macrophage inflammatory protein‐1 alpha (MIP‐1α) were quantified using a bead‐based technique. MAPKK‐degrading proteolytic activity was detected using fluorescent peptide substrates. Results The T1DM group had higher plaque index (PI%, p = 0.032) and bleeding on probing (BOP%, p = 0.045) scores, and lower decayed, missing, filled teeth (dmft/DMFT, p = 0.002) index scores compared to the healthy controls. Compared to the controls, salivary MCP‐1 (p = 0.007), MCP‐3 (p < 0.001), MIG (p = 0.007), and MIP‐1α (p = 0.033) concentrations were elevated whereas MCP‐4 concentrations decreased (p < 0.001) in the T1DM group. After adjusting for age, PI%, BOP%, and dmft/DMFT scores, significant differences in salivary concentrations of MIG (p = 0.033) and MIP‐1α (p = 0.017) were observed between the groups. Moreover, protease activities directed to the cleavage sites of MEK23‐18 (p = 0.001), MKK6b7‐22 (p = 0.007), MKK451‐66 (p = 0.005), MKK7b37‐52 (p = 0.034), and MKK7b69‐84 (p = 0.009) were elevated in the T1DM group. Conclusion T1DM disrupts the salivary macrophage activation‐related chemokine profile and dysregulates proteolytic MAPKK cleavage. These findings can be an outcome of the impaired systemic immune response in T1DM.