Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the highly contagious diseases of domestic animals. Effective control of this disease needs sensitive, specific, and quick diagnostic tools at each tier of control strategy. In this paper we have outlined various diagnostic approaches from old to new generation in a nutshell. Presently FMD diagnosis is being carried out using techniques such as Virus Isolation (VI), Sandwich-ELISA (S-ELISA), Liquid-Phase Blocking ELISA (LPBE), Multiplex-PCR (m-PCR), and indirect ELISA (DIVA), and real time-PCR can be used for detection of antibody against nonstructural proteins. Nucleotide sequencing for serotyping, microarray as well as recombinant antigen-based detection, biosensor, phage display, and nucleic-acid-based diagnostic are on the way for rapid and specific detection of FMDV. Various pen side tests, namely, lateral flow, RT-LAMP, Immunostrip tests, and so forth. are also developed for detection of the virus in field condition.
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral diseases of cloven-hoofed animals, caused by FMD virus, a single molecule of linear positive sense, with single stranded RNA of size 7.2-8.4 kb. Antigenic variation is one of the striking characters of FMD virus. It is a process by which an infectious organism alters its surface proteins in order to evade a host immune response and is associated with mutation leading to amino acid replacement. These changes may result either in the field or in the laboratory leading to the development of a new strain of virus which totally differs from the circulating field strain challenging the vaccine strains use for controlling the diseases. The high sequence variability found in VP1 region of this virus accounts for the low cross-reactivity observed among different serotypes of FMDV and also due to high degree of antigenic variation may be attributed to different reasons like high rate of mutation, genetic recombination, quasispecies nature of the virus and continuous circulation of the virus in the field, which is a main loophole for severe economic loss in livestock productions.
The people (Tribes) of Arunachal Pradesh have the natural tendency to remain close contact with animals since immortal. The domestic animals are kept in basement of the house with human occupants in the first floor of same house. They remain in close contact with cattle, sheep, goat, pigs, poultry, cats and dogs throughout the year, exposing them to many animal born diseases of occupational risk. People are not aware of zoonotic diseases sharing between domesticated animal and human beings except for Rabies. So, there is regular out break of most common protozoan zoonotic diseases in human Giardiosis caused by Giardia spp. and amoebosis caused by Entamoeba spp. in the state. Another important disease of clinical significance is toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasma usually causes a febrile illness and abortions in pregnant women. The source of infection in humans may be due to close proximity with cats and unhygienic sanitation. Similarly high incidences of sarcocystis were reported form many district of Arunachal Pradesh. Source of transmission were adjudge to be eating of smoked pork and other meat product along with natural habit of eating raw vegetable as salad from contaminated areas could be the probable mode of transmission.
Of the 102 samples collected from mammals and birds, both domestic and captive wild, 48 were found to be positive for Clostridium perfringens. Most of the mammal isolates (84.38%) appeared to have been collected from clinically affected animals, while 33.33% of the bird samples were from clinically affected and 21.43% from apparently healthy birds infected with C. perfringens. Isolates revealed high sensitivity to ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin and norfloxacin. Among the isolated C. perfringens, 30 (62.50%) showed DNase production. Hemolytic activity was recorded in 14 (24.16%) of the isolates and 28 (58.33%) showed phospholipase C production. All the phospholipase C positive isolates revealed the presence of cpa gene encoding alpha (a) toxin. Of the 102 samples collected from mammals and birds, both domestic and captive wild, 48 were found to be positive for Clostridium perfringens. Most of the mammal isolates (84.38%) appeared to have been collected from clinically affected animals, while 33.33% of the bird samples were from clinically affected and 21.43% from apparently healthy birds infected with C. perfringens. Isolates revealed high sensitivity to ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin and norfloxacin. Among the isolated C. perfringens, 30 (62.50%) showed DNase production. Hemolytic activity was recorded in 14 (24.16%) of the isolates and 28 (58.33%) showed phospholipase C production. All the phospholipase C positive isolates revealed the presence of cpa gene encoding a toxin.
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