Protozoan Diseases of Livestock in Arunachal Pradesh - An Overview

Abstract

The people (Tribes) of Arunachal Pradesh have the natural tendency to remain close contact with animals since immortal. The domestic animals are kept in basement of the house with human occupants in the first floor of same house. They remain in close contact with cattle, sheep, goat, pigs, poultry, cats and dogs throughout the year, exposing them to many animal born diseases of occupational risk. People are not aware of zoonotic diseases sharing between domesticated animal and human beings except for Rabies. So, there is regular out break of most common protozoan zoonotic diseases in human Giardiosis caused by Giardia spp. and amoebosis caused by Entamoeba spp. in the state. Another important disease of clinical significance is toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasma usually causes a febrile illness and abortions in pregnant women. The source of infection in humans may be due to close proximity with cats and unhygienic sanitation. Similarly high incidences of sarcocystis were reported form many district of Arunachal Pradesh. Source of transmission were adjudge to be eating of smoked pork and other meat product along with natural habit of eating raw vegetable as salad from contaminated areas could be the probable mode of transmission.

Studies on alterations of clinical and hemato-biochemical parameters before and after treatment in calves naturally infected with theileriosis

“…However, confirmation of the diagnosis depends on microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained thin blood smears [8,9]. The demonstration of Koch’s blue bodies in the lymphocytes and monocytes of the lymph node smear or peripheral blood film is pathognomonic of the disease [10]. …”

Seroprevalence of Rotavirus infection in pig population of Arunachal Pradesh

“…Arunachal Pradesh, a North Eastern state of India, is a tribal state where there is no any taboo attached to the farming of pigs. Almost all rural household has minimum of one to two or more pigs in their backyard [12]. Pig meat (pork) is very popular among all the tribes of the state.…”

Investigations on First Confirmed Outbreak of Ovine Theileriosis (Theileria luwenshuni) from Maharashtra State, India

“…Reports from India, based on the results of blood smear examination, indicated that theileriosis was prevalent amongst small ruminants in different states including Karnataka, Kerala, Arunachal Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and Tripura (Harish et al 2006;Anumol et al 2011;Tayo et al 2011;Velusamy et al 2015;Sahu et al 2016;Das, 2017). However, there were no reports on molecular characterization of Theileria species involved in causation of this disease in sheep from Maharashtra State of India.…”

“…The theileriosis in small ruminants has been reported by smear examination in different states including Karnataka (Harish et al 2006), Kerala (Anumol et al 2011), Arunachal Pradesh (Tayo et al 2011), Tamil Nadu (Velusamy et al 2015), Madhya Pradesh (Sahu et al 2016) and Tripura (Das, 2017). However, studies on molecular characterization are Investigations on First Confirmed Outbreak of Ovine Theileriosis (Theileria luwenshuni) from Maharashtra State, India lacking.…”