Background: In the clinical staging of cutaneous mast cell tumors (cMCT), the diagnosis of metastasis is controversial based on cytological examination of lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow, and blood.Objectives: To define the prognostic role of ultrasound-guided cytology of spleen and liver in cMCT. The results of cytological evaluation were compared in relation with survival time.Animals: Fifty-two client-owned dogs with a diagnosis of cMCT. Methods: Selection of cases was based on cytological evaluation of liver and spleen to detect infiltration at distant sites. The Kaplan Meier method was used to compare survival in dogs with and without infiltration of spleen and liver (log-rank test P o .05).Results: Ten dogs with cMCT had mast cell infiltration of spleen, liver, or both and 4 of these dogs had involvement of the regional lymph nodes. The majority of dogs had 2 or more ultrasonographically abnormal findings simultaneously in spleen and liver. Nine dogs had grade II cMCT, and 1 had grade III cMCT. Dogs with positive evidence of mast cell infiltration to spleen, liver, or both had shorter survival times (34 versus 733 days) compared with dogs negative for mast cell infiltration at distant sites.Conclusion and Clinical Importance: Dogs with evidence of mast cell infiltration at distant sites have a shorter survival times than dogs without evidence of infiltration at distant sites. This study suggests that cytology of spleen and liver is indicated either for ultrasonographically normal or for ultrasonographically abnormal spleen and liver in dogs with cMCT.

FPH is a distinctive neoplastic lesion composed of nonphagocytizing histiocytes variably admixed with neutrophils and small mature lymphocytes. Immunocytochemical analysis with CD1 is mandatory to confirm a dendritic cell origin. Immunocytochemistry and cytomorphology allowed the specific and rapid diagnosis of FPH on cytologic samples.

This study identified the electophoretic distribution of CK isoenzymes and macroenzymes of dogs and cats and provided encouraging data about the possible use of CK-BB as a biomarker for canine neurologic disorders, but not for FIP.

The Sysmex XT-2000iV provides a precise and accurate TNCC and has moderate concordance with cytologic findings for classifying canine and feline effusions. Although microscopic examination of effusions is necessary to achieve an accurate diagnosis, the Sysmex can provide preliminary information that may be helpful to cytopathologists.

Brush cytology has good diagnostic accuracy for chronic intranasal lesions in dogs.

A subcutaneous mass on the left antebrachium of an 11-year-old intact female English Pointer dog was evaluated presurgically by cytologic examination and immunocytochemical staining. The sample consisted of discrete, variably sized, markedly pleomorphic neoplastic cells that expressed vimentin with diffuse cytoplasmic staining, desmin with focal paranuclear staining, and myoglobin with diffuse cytoplasmic staining, consistent with a diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma. Lymphocytic and histiocytic markers were negative. Aspirates of the enlarged ipsilateral prescapular lymph node were positive for metastatic disease. Surgical excision of the tumor and lymph node were followed by histologic and electron microscopic examination. Histomorphologic appearance of neoplastic cells from the mass and the lymph node paralleled cytologic findings; the histologic diagnosis was round cell variant of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. By ultrastructural evaluation, cells contained numerous mitochondria and masses of cytoplasmic tangled myofilaments, features typical of rhabdomyoblasts. The dog received doxorubicin (30 mg/m(2) ) every 3 weeks for 5 treatments. Local recurrence developed 6 months after resection but was not treated. Despite a guarded prognosis and untreated local recurrence, the dog was still alive 18 months after surgery. Cytologic evaluation and immunocytochemical staining were pivotal for the presurgical diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma.

Most patients with muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) are not cured with platinum chemotherapy. Up‐regulation of nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF‐κB) is a major mechanism underlying chemoresistance, suggesting that its pharmacological inhibition may increase platinum efficacy. NF‐κB signaling was investigated in two patient cohorts. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) was used to correlate NF‐κB signaling and patient survival. The efficacy of cisplatin plus the NF‐κB inhibitor dimethylaminoparthenolide (DMAPT) versus cisplatin or DMAPT alone was tested in vitro. Xenografted and immunocompetent MIBC mouse models were studied in vivo. Platinum‐naive claudin‐low MIBC showed constitutive NF‐κB signaling and this was associated with reduced disease‐specific survival in TCGA patients. Chemotherapy up‐regulated NF‐κB signaling and chemoresistance‐associated genes, including SPHK1, PLAUR and SERPINE1. In mice, DMAPT significantly improved the efficacy of cisplatin in both models. The combination preserved body weight, renal function and morphology, reduced muscle fatigue and IL‐6 serum levels, and did not aggravate immuno‐hematological toxicity compared with cisplatin alone. These data provide a rationale for combining NF‐κB inhibition with platinum‐based chemotherapy and conducting a clinical trial in MIBC patients.

An 8-year-old neutered male Boxer was presented with tenesmus, hemorrhagic urethral discharge, and dysuria. Abdominal ultrasound and radiographic examinations revealed irregular prostatic enlargement. Laparotomy was performed and intraoperative cytology was done on imprint smears of a biopsy specimen obtained from a prostatic mass. The cytologic preparation was highly cellular and contained a predominant population of atypical, large, loosely cohesive spindle cells, with rare multinucleated cells and mitotic figures. The cytologic findings were consistent with undifferentiated sarcoma. At necropsy, a large cystic prostatic mass and numerous satellite nodules in the soft tissues around the pelvis were found. On histologic examination the tumor was composed primarily of bundles of neoplastic spindle cells. Rare pseudo-acinar structures and signet-ring cells also were observed. On immunohistochemical examination, the neoplastic cells co-expressed cytokeratin and vimentin. Based on histologic and immunohistochemical findings, the tumor was diagnosed as primary prostatic sarcomatoid carcinoma. This is a rare tumor in dogs, in which biphasic morphology of epithelial and mesenchymal cells can complicate the diagnosis, requiring immunochemical stains for confirmation.