Objective: To study the depression among medical and engineering students of different medical and engineering colleges in Karachi, Pakistan. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at different medical and engineering colleges of Karachi from 1st March 2018 till 30th August 2018. Sample size of 362 was calculated by using software SPSS version 22. A close ended, self-administered, modified form of standardized questionnaire was used which comprised of two parts. First part included collection of socio-demographic data, second part had questions for the assessment of depression. Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D) was utilized in scoring the depression level in the study subjects. Results: In engineering and medical colleges 82.87% and 56.9% students were found depressed repeatedly. The result was highly statistically significant. Overall, 109 (30.1%) students were normal, 114 (31.5%) were suffering from mild, 67 (18.5%) moderate, 32 (8.8%) severe and 40 (11.0%) had very severe depression. Conclusion: In the present study, rate of depression was higher in engineering students as compared to medical students. It is recommended in future that qualitative studies of the causes of depression reducing interventions need to be encouraged in professional program, especially in engineering students. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.5.1858 How to cite this:Siddiqui NA, Fatima S, Taj FB, Shahid A, Moosa ZA. Depression among undergraduate medical and engineering students: A comparative study. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(5):1096-1099. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.5.1858 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Objectives: To evaluate the changes in lipid profile in patients with diabetic dyslipidemia using lipid lowering drug, simvastatin and herbal product allium sativum. Study Design: Clinical trial. Setting: Surgeon Munawar Memorial Hospital, Karachi. Period: 1st January 2017 to 30th April 2017. Material & Methods: The study was designed to assess the effects of hmg-coa reductase inhibitor (simvastatin) and allium sativum on lipid profile in patients with diabetic dysplipidemia. The exclusion criteria included lactating/pregnant women’s, renal, liver and established coronary artery disease. Results: Sixty patients with abnormal lipid profile were included in the study (age 30-60 years). Patients were divided into two groups (30 patients each). Group a was orally administered with product of simvastatin (20 mg)/day for 04 months and in group b, patients were orally administered with herbal product of allium sativum (300 mg)/day for 04 months. Conclusion: On the basis of this study it is observed that allium sativum as well as simvastatin tablets both reduce total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (ldl-c) and increase high density lipoprotein cholesterol (hdl-c).
The ratio of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Pakistan is high as compare to western world and is one of the chief reasons of disability around the world. When CVD is diagnosed, following preventive measures should be taken which include regular exercise, proper diet, weight control and lipid reducing drugs to overcome the risk of morbidity or mortality. Primary hyperlipidemia is common factors for the progression and development of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of simvastatin and allium sativum (garlic) on lipid profile and to compare the lipid decreasing efficacy of simvastatin and herbal product of allium sativum in primary hyperlipidemic patients. Objectives: To evaluate the changes in lipid profile in patients with primary hyperlipidemia using original product of simvastatin and herbal product of the allium sativum (garlic). Study design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: The study was conducted at Surgeon Munawar Memorial Hospital, Karachi in year 2013-2014. Material and Methods: Total of 60 patients of 30-70 years of age with abnormal lipid profile was enrolled for this study after a written consent. The patients were divided into group I and II with primary hyperlipidemia. Patients of group 1 and II were orally treated with simvastatin (20 mg)/day and allium sativum (garlic) (300 mg/day) for 8 weeks. All patients were evaluated before and after treatment with product of simvastatin and herbal product of allium sativum. Results: In this study the cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) were estimated in the serum of patients before and after treatment with Simvastatin (20 mg)/day and herbal product of allium sativum (garlic) (300 mg/day). It is observed in the present study that treatment with simvastatin significantly reduced the level of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and increase serum HDL level. Allium sativum significantly reduces serum total cholesterol, serum LDL and increase serum HDL level in primary hyperlipidemic patients but there was no effect on triglyceride levels. Conclusion: We concluded that simvastatin significantly reduced the level of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and increase serum HDL level and allium sativum significantly reduces serum total cholesterol, serum LDL and increase serum HDL level in primary hyperlipidemic patients but there was no effect on triglyceride levels.
Objective: The overall incidence of Phrygian cap is about 04%. It is an anomaly of gall bladder found congenitally. It can be a misguided pathological diagnosis often seen mimicking a liver mass on imaging of the hepatobiliary tree. Although Phrygian cap is a congenital anomaly, it does not show any pathological significance, In light of this condition, the purpose of this research was to find out the congenital anomalies of the gallbladder through magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) along with its clinical significance.Methods: A total of 377 patients were selected with a number of 192 females and 185 males, with ages ranging from 16-90 years, with a mean age of 48 years, who had undergone MRCP for diagnosed stone in gallbladder or bile duct on a clinical basis, carcinoma of pancreas and inflammatory changes of pancreatic and/or bile ducts. The patient's imaging was done using a 1.5-T superconductive magnet which was four-channel phase-arrayed body coil and breath-holding technique was utilized, using multi-sliced T2-weighting half-Fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin-echo (HASTE), MIP reconstruction, and also single-shot T2-weighted turbo-spin-echo sequence rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement (RARE) having a varying thickness of slices.Results: The MRCP imaging results demonstrated extra hepatic biliary tract anomalies in 94 out of the 377 patients which represented a frequency of 24.93%. However, a Phrygian cap was found to be present in 6 patients with a frequency of 1.6% with 4 females and 2 males.Conclusion: From the results that we achieved, it was made quite apparent that congenital anomalies can be classified as a complex spectrum of variations that have a propensity to occur on a regular basis, emphasizing their value for attention in clinical as well as surgical settings along with the need to be readily identifiable with MRCP.
Objectives: To observe the variations in lipid profile in patients with secondary hyperlipidemia using HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor.Methods: This study was done at private hospital in patients predominantly suffering from secondary hyperlipidemia. The duration of study was about 4 months. Body weight, height and blood pressure of subjects were assessed. The subjects were asked to answer the related question on cigarette smoking, health related complaints, detailed history of family, drug usage, and nutritional habits. Subjects were requested to make up a permission form before starting the research study. This case control study was performed at local private Hospital, located at Karachi from 1st April 2017 to 30th July 2017. The aim of research was to analyze the effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor on lipid profile in patients of secondary hyperlipidemia. Age between 35 to 65 years and secondary hyperlipidemicpatients were included in the inclusion criteria. Lactating/pregnant women, renal, liver and established coronary artery diseases were included in exclusion criteria. Results: Sixty patients having deteriorated lipid profile were included in this research (age 30-60 years). Subjects were prescribed simvastatin orally 20 mg/day (international product) for 04 months. The total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, LDL and HDL were analysed using simvastatin (20mg/day) of international standard in the serum of secondary hyperlipidemic patients.Conclusion: During this study it is observed that Simvastatin raises the HDL level and reduces LDL level and cholesterol level.
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