Currently, cancers are leading cause of death all over the world (Saber et al., 2015). Breast cancer is one of among all with increased incidence, high mortality rate, and high economic and social costs (Zainal et al., 2013). It is the most common type of cancer among females worldwide (Cetin et al., 2014).Breast cancer is actually the uncontrolled proliferation of cells which starts in breast cells and attains malignancy. Recently it has shown that breast cancer contributes 11% among all types of cancer diagnosed globally annually and it is one of the leading cause of death among women (Majeed et al., 2014). All women regardless of of their racial or ethnic origin or heritage are at risk of breast cancer (Asif et al., 2014). Approximately 1.7 million Women were diagnosed with breast cancer in 2012. It is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among women in 140 of 184 countries worldwide (Erbil et al., 2014). In high income countries, breast cancer is about 30% cause of cancer deaths and reported to be 29% of all cancer incidences (Al-Dubai et al., 2012). There were approximately 192,000 new diagnoses of breast cancer and 47,000 deaths in the USA in 2009. Breast cancer is a major public health problem in High Income Countries as well as the Low Income countries (Yusuf et al., 2013). Previous studies revealed that the mortality rate of the
Context
Rosa damascena Mill. is prescribed for the management of chest and abdominal pain, constipation, digestive disorders, menstrual bleeding and liver ailments.
Objective
The current review compiles up to date and complete information of whole plant of R. damascena with particular emphasis on its numerous scientifically proved pharmacological effects, traditional and folk medicinal uses.
Key finding
The data on the pharmacological effects of R. damascena were collected from various databases such as PubMed, Wiley Online Library, Elsevier and Web of Science using the keywords like phytoconstituents, pharmacology, medicinal uses and biological activity of R. damascene. Rosa damascena has a wide spectrum of bio-pharmacological activity like antidepressant, hypoglycaemic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant and antimicrobial. The main ingredients of R. damascena essential oil responsible for pharmacological activity are geraniol and citronellol. Its uses have been widely accepted in traditional system of medicines for the management of numerous diseases of human beings in different dosage forms.
Summary
Rosa damascena has a significant place in traditional system of medicine. It is cost-effective and an important plant with curative application in contemporary medicine. Further studies on the characterization of chemical constituents and scientific basis of pharmacological activity of R. damascena should be carried out to evaluate its impact on traditional system of medicines. Large-scale preclinical and clinical trials will be beneficial in investigating the mechanism of the therapeutic potential of R. damascene to explore its uses in pharmaceutical industries.
Cervical cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related death among women worldwide, with over 500,000 new cases diagnosed annually and 50% mortality rate in Asia. In the United States, approximately 10,370 new cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed annually, and estimated 3,710 deaths occur from the disease, making it the sixth most common cause of malignancy among American women. This study aims to provide awareness about cervical cancer as well as an updated knowledge about the prevalence and incidence of cervical cancer in Asia
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