Data supporting the physiological effects of cannabidiol (CBD) ingestion in humans are conflicting. Differences between CBD preparations and bioavailability may contribute to these discrepancies. Further, an influence of body composition on CBD bioavailability is feasible, but currently undocumented. The aims of this study were to: (1) compare the pharmacokinetics of five oral CBD preparations over 4 h; (2) examine the relationship between body composition and CBD pharmacokinetics; and, (3) explore the influence of CBD on heart rate variability. In total, five preparations of CBD, standardized to 30 mg, were orally administered to 15 healthy men and women (21–62 years) in a randomized, crossover design. Prior to and 60 min following CBD ingestion, heart rate variability was determined. Body composition was assessed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Peak circulating CBD concentration, time to peak concentration, and area under the curve was superior in a preparation comprising 5% CBD concentration liquid. Fat free mass was a significant predictor (R2 = 0.365, p = 0.017) of time to peak concentration for this preparation. Several heart rate variability parameters, including peak frequency of the high frequency band, were favorably, but modestly modified following CBD ingestion. These data confirm an influence of CBD preparation and body composition on CBD bioavailability, and suggest that acute CBD ingestion may have a modest influence on autonomic regulation of heart rate.

The purpose of the study was to describe and compare the pharmacokinetics of five commercial edible marijuana products, determine the influence of body composition on pharmacokinetics, and, in light of epidemiology suggesting marijuana may offer diabetes protection, explore the influence of edible marijuana on glucose tolerance. Seven regular users of marijuana self-administered five edible products in a randomized crossover design; each product contained 10 mg of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Thirty minutes following marijuana ingestion, participants imbibed a 75 g glucose beverage. Time-to-peak plasma THC concentration ranged between 35 and 90 min; maximal plasma THC concentration (Cmax) ranged between 3.2 and 5.5 ng/mL. Differences between products in plasma THC concentration during the first 20–30 min were detected (p = 0.019). Relations were identified between body composition and pharmacokinetic parameters for some products; however, none of these body composition characteristics were consistently related to pharmacokinetics across all five of the products. Edible marijuana had no effect on oral glucose tolerance compared with a marijuana-free control (Matsuda Index; p > 0.395). Commercially available edible marijuana products evoke different plasma THC concentrations shortly after ingestion, but do not appear to influence acute glucose regulation. These data may allow recreational marijuana users to make informed decisions pertaining to rates of edible marijuana ingestion and avoid overdose.

Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.) Iljin is a rare species for Altai Republic. It possesses medicinal and fodder properties and therefore is considered a valuable resource species. Populations of this species are regularly exposed to anthropogenic impact. The impact factors are harvesting of rhizomes and cattle grazing. We have carried out the restoration of two populations of this species. The seeds for restorative planting were collected from healthy plants in the same populations, at a distance of 10 km or less from the restoration site. The genetic analysis of DNA fragments showed a reliable similarity of genetic diversity in planted and naturally growing individuals in each of the studied populations. Comparison showed that plants in more remote locations, which are less accessible for tourism and economic activities, were characterized by higher genetic diversity.

The purpose of the study was to describe and compare the pharmacokinetics of five commercial edible marijuana products, determine the influence of body composition on pharmacokinetics, and, in light of epidemiology suggesting marijuana may offer diabetes protection, explore the influence of edible marijuana on glucose tolerance. Seven regular users of marijuana self-administered five edible products in a randomized crossover design; each product contained 10mg of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). 30-minutes following marijuana ingestion, participants imbibed a 75g glucose beverage. Time-to-peak plasma THC concentration ranged between 35 and 90 minutes; maximal plasma THC concentration (Cmax) ranged between 3.2 and 5.5 ng/mL. Differences between products in plasma THC concentration during the first 20-to-30 minutes were detected (P=0.019). Relations were identified between body composition and pharmacokinetic parameters for some products; however, none of these body composition characteristics were consistently related to pharmacokinetics across all five of the products. Edible marijuana had no effect on oral glucose tolerance compared with a marijuana-free control (Matsuda Index; P>0.395). Commercially available edible marijuana products evoke different plasma THC concentrations shortly after ingestion, but do not appear to influence acute glucose regulation. These data may allow marijuana users to make informed decisions pertaining to rates of edible marijuana ingestion and avoid overdose.

Cypripedium calceolus L. and C. macranthon Sw. (Orchidaceae) are rare species throughout almost the entire territory of Russia. Though the data on intraspecific genetic differentiation has been presented in the literature, the species of C. calceolus, C. macranthon and alleged hybrids of C. × ventricosum growing in sympatric population in the Iskitim District of the Novosibirsk Region (NR) have not been investigated yet. The purpose of this work is dentification of the rare species of Cypripedium calceolus, C. macranthon and detection of C. × ventricosum hybrids in the NR using morphometric parameters and ISSR markers. It was found the mature generative specimens of C. × ventricosum formed the largest number of shoots, compared with the parent species. According to the number of flowers on the generative shoot, the hybrid occupied an intermediate position. According to the ISSR analysis, components from both parental species were identified in each of the three hybrids studied. Therefore, the presence of C. × ventricosum hybrid plants in the local NR coenopopulation of co-growing species C. calceolus and C. macranthon was detected and confirmed based on the study of morphometric parameters and ISSR markers.