Pharmacokinetic Investigation of Commercially Available Edible Marijuana Products in Humans: Potential Influence of Body Composition and Influence on Glucose Control

Ewell, Taylor Russell; Abbotts, Kieran Shay Struebin; Williams, Natasha N Bondareva; Butterklee, Hannah Michelle; Bomar, Matthew Charles; Harms, Kole Jerel; Rebik, Jordan Douglas; Mast, Sarah Margaret; Akagi, Natalie; Dooley, Gregory P.; Bell, Christopher

doi:10.3390/ph14080817

Cited by 10 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Importantly, the timing of exercise initiation was dictated by the previously determined time to maximal circulating THC concentration (Ewell et al, 2021), and our data indicate that circulating THC concentration remained elevated until the end of the study session (Figure 2). This continued elevation is unsurprising in light of the product's reported half-life: ~268 min (Ewell et al, 2021). With respect to our rationale for choosing to study an edible product over inhaled cannabis, inhalation of combustible materials exposes the lungs and blood to a variety of potentially toxic substances, such as hydrocarbons.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

“…Based on previous research (Ewell et al, 2021), the mean time to peak circulating THC concentration after ingesting the edible marijuana was approximately 35-min. Accordingly, 35min after placebo/marijuana ingestion, stationary cycle ergometer exercise began.…”

Section: Data Collection Visitsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Federal, state, and institutional regulations, have made studies of cannabis use in humans notoriously difficult to accomplish, thereby contributing to the paucity of contemporary cannabis-exercise information. We have recently circumvented some of these difficulties and have been able to complete pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of cannabis products in humans ( Ewell et al, 2021 ) using a naturalistic/observational approach inspired by a previous study ( Bidwell et al, 2020 ). In this approach, research participants purchased commercially available edible marijuana and self-administered (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rationale for choosing to study an edible product over inhaled cannabis was twofold: first, inhalation of combustible materials exposes the lungs and blood to a variety of potentially toxic substances, such as hydrocarbons, thus edible marijuana avoids the potential confounding influence of inhaled cannabis on oxygen carrying capacity. Second, we have previously described the pharmacokinetics of the specific edible marijuana product to be studied ( Ewell et al, 2021 ), therefore we were in an informed position when making decisions with respect to protocol development and the timing of exercise testing relative to ingestion. Based on published reviews ( Kennedy, 2017 ; Burr et al, 2021 ; Charron et al, 2021 ), the hypothesis was that ingestion of edible marijuana prior to exercise would have undesirable effects on the physiological response to exercise and on exercise performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Edible marijuana and cycle ergometer exercise

et al. 2022

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Purpose: There is extensive public and scientific interest in the influence of cannabis and the psychoactive cannabinoid, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), on exercise performance. Unfortunately, recent, up-to-date studies are lacking. The aim of the current study was to address the hypothesis that ingestion of edible marijuana, prior to exercise, would have unfavorable effects on the physiological response to exercise and on exercise performance.Methods: 17 Healthy adult male and female habitual exercisers, who were regular users of cannabis products, were screened for study participation. 10 were enrolled, and data from 9 [8 males, 1 female, aged 25±3 years, with peak oxygen uptake of 56.5±11.7 ml/kg/min (mean ± SD)] were retained. Participation included two exercise sessions, each preceded by self-administration and ingestion of either edible marijuana (containing 10 mg THC) or placebo. Cardio-respiratory responses (via indirect calorimetry) to stationary cycle ergometer exercise (8 min at 50, 100 and 150 W) were recorded before completion of a 20-min Functional Threshold Power test (FTP20) and a sprint test involving maximal effort until volitional fatigue.Results: Edible marijuana increased the concentration of circulating THC and THC metabolites, and evoked sensations of intoxication and altered psychoactive state. Cardio-respiratory responses to staged cycle ergometer exercise were normal and were unaffected by edible marijuana. Compared with placebo, edible marijuana did not influence FTP20 (Placebo 253±75 vs THC: 251±72 W (mean±SD); p > 0.45) or peak power output during the sprint test (Placebo: 710±201 vs. THC: 732±136 W; p = 0.864).Conclusion: 10 mg of THC, when ingested prior to exercise by regular exercisers and habitual users of cannabis, had little effect on the physiological response to standardized cycle ergometer exercise, and was neither ergogenic nor ergolytic.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Section: Data Collection Visitsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Edible marijuana and cycle ergometer exercise

et al. 2022

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“…The initial screening visit began with written informed consent, and an interview and questionnaire to obtain medical history. This was followed by measurement of height and body mass for the calculation of body mass index, and assessment of body composition via dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (Hologic, Discovery W, QDR Series, Bedford, MA, USA) as reported in previous studies [ 27 , 28 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabidiol and Cannabidiol Metabolites: Pharmacokinetics, Interaction with Food, and Influence on Liver Function

et al. 2022

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Cannabidiol (CBD) is widely available and marketed as having therapeutic properties. Over-the-counter CBD is unregulated, many of the therapeutic claims lack scientific support, and controversy exists as to the safety of CBD-liver interaction. The study aims were to compare the pharmacokinetics of commercial CBD and CBD metabolites following the ingestion of five different CBD formulations, determine the influence of CBD on food induced thermogenesis, determine the influence of food on CBD pharmacokinetics, and determine the influence of CBD on markers of liver function. Fourteen males (body mass index ³ 25 kg/m2) were studied in a placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover design. On five occasions, different CBD formulations were ingested (one per visit). On two additional occasions, CBD or placebo was ingested following a meal. CBD servings were standardized to 30 mg. Considerable pharmacokinetic variability existed between formulations; this pharmacokinetic variability transferred to several of the metabolites. CBD did not influence food induced thermogenesis but did favorably modify early insulin and triglyceride responses. Food appreciably altered the pharmacokinetics of CBD. Finally, CBD did not evoke physiologically relevant changes in markers of liver function. Collectively, these data suggest that consumers should be aware of the appreciable pharmacokinetic differences between commercial CBD formulations, CBD is unlikely to influence the caloric cost of eating but may prove to be of some benefit to initial metabolic responses, consuming CBD with food alters the dynamics of CBD metabolism and increases systemic availability, and low-dose CBD probably does not represent a risk to normal liver function.

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