The aim of the study is the formalization of the balance method with respect to the determination of the ecological and economic efficiency of the use of land resources. During the research, the following methods were used: statistical-economic, monographic, balance, computational and constructive. In the sphere of environmental protection, there is usually uncertainty about benefits and uncertainty about costs. Therefore, at the moment, further formalization of the assessment of the processes taking place in the system of interaction between man and land in the process of agricultural production is required. When analyzing the effectiveness of the use of agricultural land, it is important to determine not only economic, but also environmental and economic components. The ecological component of land use can be measured on the strength of the amount of prevented environmental damage applied to soil fertility, and the magnitude of the ecological effect that is created when carrying out measures to reproduce soil fertility. As the studies show, cultivating agricultural crops causes a negative balance of nutrients in the soil, and the calculation of environmental and economic efficiency indicates the need not only for joint application of organic and mineral fertilizers in optimal parameters, but also for finding alternative ways of ensuring reproduction of soil fertility.
The paper presents a structure diagram of a slot trencher when planting a garden, consisting of a frame on which working sections, a bevel gear reducer and support wheel stands are fixed. On the working section there is a shaft with a working body - a disk slot cutter. It is made in the form of a disc with teeth, one cutting edge of each tooth is straight and the other edge is parabolic. On the parabolic edge the working elements are fixed in the form of knives with a cutting edge consisting of two parts. A straight one is along the periphery; the other is in the form of a guide along the entire length of the curved edge of the tooth and equal to the width of the cutting edge of the knife. The theoretical substantiation of the main structure parameters is carried out as a result of which the length of the inclined knife is determined, which allows satisfying the operating conditions of the device.
The paper presents and describes the developed design of the working elements of the roll-belt press. The theoretical dependences of the energy parameters of the press are found. The optimal operating parameters are substantiated, which allows the most efficient berry juicing. The data of experiments on berry juicing, depending on the juicing pressure and the holding time of the pulp under pressure, are given.
The history of the emergence of the “case-study” method as a significant method for the national methodic science is briefly presented in a historical cut. From a theoretical point of view, the main trends in the development of the “case-study” method in the domestic school foreign language education are outlined. It is emphasized that there is a rapid spread of the “case-study” method in the school methods of teaching foreign languages. This method becomes an effective means of organizing the educational and cognitive process, coexists with other interactive methods. The “case-study” method is actively used in teaching foreign languages both in general educational institutions and in higher educational institutions, and is already one of the components of the educational process. It is emphasized that, working with teaching, training and systematizing cases in the process of learning a foreign language, students receive an analysis of the usual situation and a solution to the problems raised by means of a foreign language. The study of cases gives students the opportunity to use a ready-made scheme for solving a communication problem in a certain communicative situation, forms the skills for solving deeper problems. Naturally, students will be able to apply this experience in similar cases in the implementation of future intercultural activities.
It is proved that the fundamental purpose of teaching a foreign language is the formation of a foreign language communicative competence, that is, the ability to communicate with representatives of a foreign language culture, within which it is necessary to activate the main types of foreign language speech activity: speaking, listening, reading, writing. It is proved that the development of foreign language communicative competence is impossible without addressing the peculiarities of foreign culture. The experience of teaching foreign languages shows that it is often difficult for students to formulate an integral, logical and complete statement on their own due to the difference in cultural differences at the verbal and non-verbal levels of communication. The main difficulties are related to the fact that comprehensive knowledge of a foreign language is necessary for the implementation of foreign language communication, the formation of which is becoming particularly relevant in the conditions of modern education. In connection with the above, the question of finding an effective methodology for the development of foreign language communicative competence is raised. It is assumed that the project method allows you to build the learning process in such a way that students will be placed in conditions as close as possible to the conditions of real communication, which, in turn, will contribute to immersion in the specifics of someone else's culture. In addition, the project method allows solving the problem of the formation of an educational motive, since the mentioned method implements the principles of personality-oriented learning, according to which students can choose the topic of a lesson in a foreign language that will correspond to the sphere of their interests.
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