Currently, the technology of microelectromechanical systems is widely used in the development of high-frequency and ultrahigh-frequency devices. The most important requirements for modern and advanced devices of the ultra-high-frequency range are the reduction of weight and size characteristics, power consumption with an increase in their functionality, operating frequency and level of integration. Radio frequency microelectromechanical switches are developed using the technology of the manufacture of CMOS-integrated circuits. Integrated radio frequency control circuits require low control voltages, the high ratio of losses to the isolation in the open and closed condition, high performance and reliability. This review is devoted to the analytical approach based on the knowledge of materials, basic performance indices and mechanisms of failure, which can be used in the development of radio-frequency microelectromechanical switches.
The article shows that dairy farming is one of the most dynamically developing branches of agriculture, existing under the influence of internal and external environments, defined as: compliance with the breed standard, medical standards for milk consumption, increased investment in the industry, its resource potential. On the basis of a retrospective analysis, the evolution of technological structures in dairy cattle breeding in Russia is considered: pre-industrial, collective farming with agricultural mechanization, industrial, intensive technocratic, biotechnological. In addition, on the basis of the organizational and economic analysis of dairy cattle breeding in the Tambov region, the trends of its functioning have been determined: a decrease in the self-sufficiency of the region’s population with milk and dairy products; destructuring of the production sector with an increase in the share of enterprises with low-intensity and extensive milk production; low intensity of reproduction of a herd of cattle; a wide variety of breed composition of dairy cattle. It was found that agricultural enterprises of the region, as a rule, specializing in the development of dairy cattle breeding, choose the direction of organizing a purebred herd with standardized exterior features. This is a fundamentally different way of breeding work from all-Russian trends. On the basis of the research carried out, the priority directions of the development of dairy cattle breeding in an innovation-oriented context are substantiated.
With international sanctions and the reciprocal food import embargo in place, ensuring food supply by procurement of domestic Russian products can be addressed through the implementation of the import substitution strategy. The Tambov region, with its favourable conditions for many types of agricultural production, plays an important role in ensuring food security. Amid the recent considerable decline in the average per capita nutrition levels, Russia has significant potential for food demand growth provided an increase in real income levels and price stabilisation. This should stimulate growth in production and improved efficiency of the agro-industrial complex. The development of Russian poultry farming can play an important role in it
The aim of the study is the formalization of the balance method with respect to the determination of the ecological and economic efficiency of the use of land resources. During the research, the following methods were used: statistical-economic, monographic, balance, computational and constructive. In the sphere of environmental protection, there is usually uncertainty about benefits and uncertainty about costs. Therefore, at the moment, further formalization of the assessment of the processes taking place in the system of interaction between man and land in the process of agricultural production is required. When analyzing the effectiveness of the use of agricultural land, it is important to determine not only economic, but also environmental and economic components. The ecological component of land use can be measured on the strength of the amount of prevented environmental damage applied to soil fertility, and the magnitude of the ecological effect that is created when carrying out measures to reproduce soil fertility. As the studies show, cultivating agricultural crops causes a negative balance of nutrients in the soil, and the calculation of environmental and economic efficiency indicates the need not only for joint application of organic and mineral fertilizers in optimal parameters, but also for finding alternative ways of ensuring reproduction of soil fertility.
In the following article, the advantage of the scenario analysis of the development of agriculture at assessment of effective management of its sustainable development, taking into account realization of possible strategic objectives is disclosed. Comparative characteristic of three scenarios of development of agriculture is given. Their differences are specified. The system of indicators that allows determining the effect of the complex processes of use of natural and production resources on effectiveness of management of sustainable development of agriculture is characterized. Its perspective growth parameters in the sectoral context are analyzed. The conclusion is drawn that the effective scenario at which the Russian agrarian economic policy has to be aimed is optimistic. It is this vector of effective management, which can ensure the achievement of strategic landmarks for the development of the agro-industrial complex for a ten-year perspective.
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