The aim of the study is the formalization of the balance method with respect to the determination of the ecological and economic efficiency of the use of land resources. During the research, the following methods were used: statistical-economic, monographic, balance, computational and constructive. In the sphere of environmental protection, there is usually uncertainty about benefits and uncertainty about costs. Therefore, at the moment, further formalization of the assessment of the processes taking place in the system of interaction between man and land in the process of agricultural production is required. When analyzing the effectiveness of the use of agricultural land, it is important to determine not only economic, but also environmental and economic components. The ecological component of land use can be measured on the strength of the amount of prevented environmental damage applied to soil fertility, and the magnitude of the ecological effect that is created when carrying out measures to reproduce soil fertility. As the studies show, cultivating agricultural crops causes a negative balance of nutrients in the soil, and the calculation of environmental and economic efficiency indicates the need not only for joint application of organic and mineral fertilizers in optimal parameters, but also for finding alternative ways of ensuring reproduction of soil fertility.
An important task of improving land management in agriculture is the formation of an ecological and economic mechanism based on the principles of consistency and balance, interest in a favorable ecological state of soils, responsibility for the results of economic activity, as well as environmental education, promotion of knowledge and information about promising developments in the field of agricultural ecology. The main goal should be to ensure a high level of economic efficiency, provided that soil fertility is preserved and any negative impact on the soil is avoided. In this case, the task of public administration entities is to establish such conditions for the activity of land users that would encourage the latter to choose actions that lead to the most beneficial results for the entire ecological and economic system. The structural content of the mechanism can be represented as a combination of elements regulating the interaction of participants in ecological and economic systems in order to ensure rational land use. According to the authors, such elements can be: knowledge necessary for land users in the implementation of measures for the rational use of land in agriculture; effective motivation of land users in the widespread use of elements of conservation agriculture; economic responsibility for non-compliance with the standards of economic impact on land resources.
In our manuscript we have made an attempt to study specific sides of Russian Federation’s innovative development, analyze its impact in economy growth and provide main ways of innovative policy realization in different types of regions. The method is based on partial abstraction from the unique properties of each region, thereby uniting them into homogeneous groups using k-means method. Further analysis of the determination of the main factor at the level of country was carried out using decision trees functions with the subsequent collection of OOB errors. Group analysis was carried out using regression analysis. As a result, the authors obtained five types of regions (with a high, above average, average, below average, low level of innovative development), provided an individual characteristic for each group regarding the innovation development and identified prerogative innovative factors that can be considered by the state as a criterion for differentiating state policy and regulation of the development of innovation policy.
Subject. This article discusses the issues of employment and unemployment in rural areas of Russia. Objectives. The article aims to study the processes taking place in the rural labor market and assess the regional specific features of unemployment. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of logical, comparative, and economics and statistics analyses. Results. The article defines homogeneous types of territorial entities and describes strategies for regulating the rural labor market. Conclusions. The main negative trend in the labor market is the reduction of jobs in agriculture. Employment should be a determining factor in any rural development economic projects to balance supply and demand in the labor market.
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