Agriculture is an important branch in Ukraine’s economy. The share of agriculture’s GDP in the national economy is more than 10%. The development of agriculture stimulates the development of other sectors in national economy. According to the results of the analysis of the employment dynamics in Ukraine’s agriculture, it was concluded that there was a negative tendency. That is why the aim of the article is to specify the factors of impact on employment in Ukraine’s agriculture and to assess the degree of their influence. To achieve this goal, the different methods were used: system analysis—for determination the factors influencing employment in agriculture; factor analysis, multiple regression analysis, principal components method—for evaluating the impact of various factors on the employment in agriculture of Ukraine. It was found that the most significant social-demographic factors of impact on employment in Ukraine’s agriculture include the total rural population at the age 16–64 and the demand for labor force in agriculture, and the most important economic factor is labor productivity. Determining the factors and measures of their impact on employment will substantiate public policy measures, methods and mechanisms for their implementation to solve employment problems in Ukraine’s agriculture.
The purpose of the article is to systematize the impact factors of quarantine measures related to COVID-19 on the agrarian sector and food security and assess their socio-economic consequences. Research methods. The methodological basis of the research is a systematic approach to the study of the studied phenomena and processes and dialectical method of cognition, that which allow to comprehensively consider the processes, related to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and quarantine restrictive measures on the agrarian sector and food security of the country. When generalizing the theoretical and methodological aspects of the study, systematizing the factors of impact, the techniques of the abstract-logical method, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, analogy and comparison were used. In order to assess the trends in the development of the agrarian sector in analytical studies, economic and statistical methods were used (comparative analysis, relative values, trend analysis etc.). Research results. The impact factors of quarantine measures related to COVID-19 pandemic on the agrarian sector with the selection of ten groups of stimulants and disincentives, exogenous and endogenous effects have been identified and systematized. This made it possible to determine the synergistic effect of their interaction. The socio-economic consequences of the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and restrictive measures on the domestic agrarian sector and food security were assessed in the following areas: production of agri-food products, its sales in domestic and foreign markets, investments, efficiency of economic activity, rural labor market, employment in the agrarian sector. Scientific novelty. Theoretical and methodological provisions, scientific-methodical and practical approaches to systematization of impact factors of quarantine measures and the spread of COVID-19 pandemic on agrarian sector, food security and assessing the degree of their influence on the socio-economic development of the industry are substantiated. Practical significance. The principal thesis and conclusions set out in the article have been brought to the level of practical recommendations, the implementation of which will allow to substantiate management decisions in the implementation of effective state policy for the development and support of the agrarian sector, ensuring the adaptability of national producers to restrictive quarantine measures in the context of COVID-19 pandemic spread. Tabl.: 5. Figs.: 1. Refs.: 29.
Today, spelt wheat grain is used to produce high quality food. Intermediate wheatgrass is a promising crop for prairie restoration. One of the elements of biologization is the influence of growing crops on the microbiota of soil rhizosphere. The microbiota of spelt wheat and intermediate wheatgrass soil rhizosphere remains insufficiently studied. Aim. To study the number of individual groups of microbiota in dynamics in the rhizosphere of cereal crops (spelt wheat, intermediate wheatgrass) depending on the weather conditions and the phase of plants development. Methods. Classical microbiological, statistical methods were used in the work. In particular, the study of the number of microorganisms of different ecological and trophic groups (ammonifying, nitrifying, cellulolytic and nitrogen-fixing) was carried out according to generally accepted methods in soil microbiology. The reliability of the influence of factors was determined by the probability value «р» level which was calculated using STATISTICA 8 program. Results. The amount of ammonifying and cellulolytic microorganisms in the soil rhizosphere of spelt wheat is significantly higher compared to soft wheat. The rhizosphere microbiota amount of the intermediate wheatgrass on the 2–3 year of cultivation was more resistant to adverse environmental factors compared to soft wheat. The soil rhizosphere microbiota did not change a lot depending on the phase of plant development during the vegetation period of cereal crops (spelt wheat, intermediate wheatgrass). Conclusions. The formation of rhizosphere microbiota of spelt wheat and intermediate wheatgrass was first analyzed under the conditions of the Right-Bank forest-steppe of Ukraine. The conducted studies indicate the feasibility of growing and use of spelt wheat in breeding programs to create cultivars of soft wheat with higher activity of rhizosphere microbiota. The number of ammonifying, nitrifying and cellulolytic microorganisms of soil rhizosphere of intermediate wheatgrass was significantly higher compared to soft wheat during all growth stages. The conducted studies confirm the practical application of intermediate wheatgrass to preserve and increase soil fertility. Intermediate wheatgrass can be grown for up to three years in one field, as microbiological activity reaches its maximum development.
In the article methodological approaches to assessing the competitiveness of Ukraine’s agriculture in the regional aspect have been substantiated. In particular, an algorithm and the instrument for assessing competitiveness have been developed. The integrated competitiveness index of Ukraine’s agriculture by region for the period between 2015 and 2017 was calculated. It was proved that the industry’s positive dynamics was determined by the growth of gross value added, volumes of capital investments, labor productivity. Downward factors for the Ukraine’s agriculture were the increase in agricultural production costs, unprofitability in the industry. The peculiarities of the competitiveness of the Ukraine’s agriculture through the identification of economic, institutional, social and international competitiveness problems were identified. The directions of enhancing competitiveness at the state, regional and industrial levels of management were determined.
The purpose of the article is to analyse the status, highlight the basic factors of influence and determine the main ways to provide employment of the rural population in Ukraine. Research methods. In order to assess the status and trends in the employment of the rural population, economic and statistical methods (comparative analysis, average and relative values, trend analysis, graphical method, index analysis, etc.) were used in analytical studies. To determine the factors influencing the rural population employment, a system analysis was used. With the assistance of the abstract-logical method and the method of generalization, the ways of realization of the state policy for the support and development of the agrarian sphere in order to provide the rural population employment were outlined. Research results. It has been established that the dynamics of the level of the rural population employment in Ukraine has a cyclical nature – at the stage of economic growth, it rises, followed by a period of decline (at the stage of economic downturn). It has been substantiated that the characteristic features of rural employment are: a reduction in the rural population, including the economically active, deformation of its age structure, misbalancing of the conjuncture of the rural labour market, lack of developed social infrastructure, reduction of the sphere of agricultural works, changes in the structure of agricultural production, low wages, etc. The factors of influence on the rural population employment in Ukraine are systematized by groups: individual, socio-demographic, economic, political and institutional. The main ways to provide employment of the rural population in Ukraine are identified. Scientific novelty. The scientific and methodological approaches to the study of the rural population employment in terms of determining the influence factors and organizational and economic basis for providing of the rural population employment in Ukraine were further developed. Namely, the priority directions of state policy have been identified, which are aimed at providing employment of the rural population through the adoption of legal, institutional, sectoral, economic, investment and innovation, business and other measures. Practical significance. The main thesis and conclusions set out in the article have been brought to the level of practical recommendations, the implementation of which will improve the process of formation and implementation of state policy in the field of the rural population employment in Ukraine, will optimize approaches to the development of programs to provide of the rural population employment.
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