Background: The link between bilirubin and cardiometabolic outcomes has been previously identified with positive health effects of mild hyperbilirubinaemia. On the other hand, recent evidence has suggested an association between low circulating bilirubin levels and obesity. This study was conducted to assess the association of total bilirubin levels with metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors related to obesity. Methods: A total of 50 obese adults and 50 healthy controls matched for age and sex were enrolled in this study. Anthropometric measurements, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), HOMA- β (%), lipids profile, monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (MLR), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), uric acid, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), AST/ALT ratio and total bilirubin were assessed. Results: Total bilirubin, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and AST/ALT ratio were significantly lower, whereas fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, NLR, uric acid and GGT were significantly higher in obese adults than in healthy controls. Bilirubin was negatively associated with body mass index, waist circumference, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, NLR, PLR, uric acid, and positively associated with HDL-C. HDL-C and NLR were the independent predictor variables of total bilirubin. Conclusion: Among all the studied cardio-metabolic risk factors, HDL-C and NRL are the most closely associated variables with total bilirubin levels in obese adults.
Background Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) is an important inflammatory marker in diabetic nephropathy. Many studies assessed the association between MMP-9 gene polymorphism and different microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus, though the results were inconclusive and need further exploration. Our study aimed to assess the association between MMP-9 -1562C/T gene polymorphism and diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Results Taking CC genotype of rs3918242 (MMP-9-1562C/T SNP) as the reference genotype and C as the reference allele, TT genotype, T allele showed significantly lower frequency in diabetic nephropathy group than without nephropathy (2.9% versus 20%, 20% versus 35.7% respectively), with the possible significant protective effect against diabetic nephropathy development (OR = 0.269, 0.450 respectively); it was considered as an independent predictor for diabetic nephropathy occurrence. Conclusions This study suggested that T allele of MMP-9 -1562C/T single nucleotide polymorphism had a protective role against diabetic nephropathy development and also had a role for early prediction of patients susceptible to this complication, so it helps in prevention and management of those patients.
Background Features of metabolic syndrome such as abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidemia are commonly encountered in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Recent evidence has suggested an association between high serum uric acid/creatinine (UA/Cr) ratio and metabolic syndrome however, no studies have investigated this association in PCOS. The current study was conducted to investigate the relationship between UA/Cr ratio and PCOS and to identify whether UA/Cr ratio and free androgen index (FAI) have an additive interaction for detection of PCOS risk in obese women. Methods This study enrolled 40 obese women with PCOS and 40 control women with regular menstrual cycles matched for age and body mass index (BMI). Anthropometric measurements, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipids profile, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), total testosterone, free androgen index (FAI), UA/Cr ratio were assessed. Results Serum UA/Cr ratio was significantly higher in obese women with PCOS than in non-PCOS women. UA/Cr ratio was correlated with BMI, waist and neck circumferences, blood pressure, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, lipids, LH/FSH, estradiol, DHEAS, total testosterone, FAI and SHBG. UA/Cr ratio and FAI were independent risk factors for PCOS in obese women however, the addictive interaction between UA/Cr ratio and FAI had a higher fold risk (OR: 4.3, 95% CI, 3.4–7.58) and a more significance (P = 0.002) for determination of PCOS. Conclusion Serum UA/Cr ratio combined with FAI can exert an additive or synergistic impact on prediction of PCOS in obese women.
Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a complex disorder. It is thought to be a result of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. It was reported that XbaI polymorphism of ApoB gene is associated with CAD. However, the results were conflicting and risk factors were not fully studied in the previous studies. Aim: It was to estimate the association of XbaI polymorphism of ApoB gene with lipid profile, risk factors and dietary pattern in CAD Egyptian population. Subjects and Methods: This study was conducted on 400 Egyptians (200 healthy subjects; 100 Rural and 100 Urban controls and 200 CAD patients; 100 Rural and 100 Urban patients). CAD patients were diagnosed on the bases of clinical and angiographic assessment. Polymerase chain reaction – Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used to genotype ApoB XbaI polymorphism of ApoB gene. Results: The ApoB XbaI X+X+ genotype frequency was higher in urban control versus urban CAD subgroups. Multivariate analysis revealed that male gender, hypertension, smoking, increased body mass index (BMI), high serum total cholesterol (TC), low serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and high score of unhealthy diet were associated with CAD increased risk, while high score of healthy diet was protective.
Vitamin D deficiency was found to have higher prevalence in poorly controlled diabetic patients. Also, vitamin D deficiency was found to have higher prevalence in diabetic micro vascular complications. On the other hand, patients with CKD in different stages suffer from vitamin D deficiency. Our study was conducted on100 diabetic patients (50 diabetic patients without nephropathy and 50 diabetic patients with nephropathy) in addition to 50 healthy subjects as a control group; to evaluate level of vitamin D in both control group, diabetic patients without nephropathy and diabetic patients with nephropathy throughout different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD).This study revealed that there was a significant difference in the level of vitamin D between control group and diabetic patients group. It tended to be lower in diabetic patients; also, there was highly significant difference between diabetic patients without nephropathy and diabetic patients with nephropathy. Vitamin D level was lower in diabetic patients with nephropathy group; also, there was significant difference between different stages of CKD in diabetic patients with nephropathy group. Level of vitamin D showed a progressive decline throughout different stages of CKD, it was the least in stage 3 CKD. In diabetic patients with nephropathy there were negative correlations between serum creatinine and albumin/creatinine ratio with vitamin D while there was positive correlation between serum albumin and eGFR with vitamin D.
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