New Findings What is the central question of this study?Are the advantages of aerobic interval exercise, resistance exercise and concurrent exercise on the metabolic profile mediated in part through preptin and undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOCN)? What is the main finding and its importance?Glucose was significantly lowered after concurrent exercise and aerobic interval exercise, but serum preptin and insulin were significantly lowered in all three training groups. By contrast, ucOCN and high molecular weight adiponectin increased significantly in all three training groups. These findings support the possible cross‐talk between bone, pancreatic β‐cells and energy metabolism in humans and suggest that preptin and ucOCN may potentially serve as markers of exercise‐induced improvement of metabolism. Abstract Preptin is a peptide hormone that plays an important role in the development of obesity by regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOCN) is also linked to the regulation of body energy in that it modulates fat and glucose metabolism. This research aimed to examine the impact of aerobic interval, resistance and concurrent exercise on serum preptin, ucOCN and high molecular weight adiponectin (HMW‐APN) in obese adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Forty‐four obese men with MetS were randomized to receive aerobic interval exercise (AIEX, n = 10), resistance exercise (REX, n = 10), or concurrent aerobic interval and resistance exercise (CEX, n = 10), or to act as a non‐exercise control (CON, n = 10) three times a week for 12 weeks. Preptin was reduced more after AIEX and CEX than after REX (89.1% and 87.1% versus 9.6%; P = 0.028 and 0.030, respectively). ucOCN increased significantly only in the CEX (27.5%, P = 0.009) and AIEX (25%, P = 0.025) groups, but HMW‐APN increased significantly in all three training groups (AIEX 145.1%, P < 0.001; CEX 137%, P < 0.001; and REX 59.8%, P = 0.041). After the intervention, the improvement of peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2normalpeak) in the AIEX group (73%) was greater than in the CEX (29.3%) and REX (3.8%) groups. On the other hand, CEX exhibited a greater reduction in glucose, insulin, insulin resistance index and HbA1c than did AIEX and REX. Our study indicates that the reduction in glucose after exercise training (especially AIEX and CEX) may be, somewhat, linked to decreased preptin and raised ucOCN and HMW‐APN.

Background and Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate effects of eight weeks of aquatic exercise and resistance training on plasma neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) levels and NT-4 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of women with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: Thirty women with MS were randomly assigned to a resistance-training group, an aquatic exercise group and a control group. After separating plasma and PBMCs from blood samples, level of plasma NT-4 and NT-4 expression was measured after eight weeks of exercise via ELISA and Real-time PCR, respectively. Results: The level of plasma NT-4 and NT-4 expression increased significantly following eight weeks of aquatic training and resistance training. Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, both resistance training and aquatic exercise can increase the level of plasma NT-4 and NT-4 expression in female MS patients. It can be concluded that such trainings could have protective and positive effects on the nervous system of MS patients.

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ABSTRACT:Background: Visceral fat accumulation due to the decrease in estrogen levels, and gaining weight after menopause, increases the risk of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases in postmenopausal women; while physical activity at maximum fat oxidation intensity (Fatmax) and green tea consumption are recommended for increasing fat oxidation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of short-term aerobic exercise and green tea consumption on maximum fat oxidation (MFO), Fatmax, body composition and lipid profile in sedentary postmenopausal women. Methods: 24 sedentary postmenopausal women were divided into two groups: exercise+placebo and exercise+supplement. Exercise tests were performed by gas analyzer device and blood samples were collected after 12 hours of fasting overnight in pre and posttest phases. The subjects had a daily intake of 1,200 mg of green tea or cellulose in capsule form. The training protocol contained two weeks of aerobic exercise at an intensity of about maximum fat oxidation which was performed four times a week and each session took 40 to 50 minutes. Results: After two weeks, the amounts of weight, body mass index, waist to hip ratio, average total carbohydrate oxidation and HDL were significantly decreased in both groups (p≤0.05). The peak oxygen consumption, maximum fat oxidation, Fatmax and the average total fat oxidation increased but were not significant (p>0.05). Triglyceride (P=0.003) and visceral fat levels (P=0.044) only declined significantly in exercise+supplement group and LDL levels (P=0.043) only increased in exercise+supplement, significantly. Fat percentage also decreased in two groups which was not significant (p>0.05). Conclusions: The findings showed that short-term aerobic exercise at Fatmax, alone and along with green tea consumption, reduced body weight and

Background. It seems strenuous trainings have a suppressing effect on the immune function and athletes performing such trainings are probably prone to infectious diseases due to weakened immune system. Objectives. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of six weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with and without zinc o ooitatpemelspu s pu ot au laa noglobulin concentrations in female futsal players. Mthods. Thirty-two female futsal players were randomly divided into 4 groups like placebo, Zinc, HIIT+Placebo and Zinc+HIIT. All athletes had to attend futsal-specific training 3 sessions per week. Zinc and Placebo groups took 30 mg day−1 of zinc gluconate or dextrose, respectively, and HIIT groups performed 6-10 repetitions of a 30-second running at 100% of VO2peak with 4-minutes rest between the efforts during six weeks.uResults. IgM levels decreased significantly in placebo group (from 136.25±34.44 to 119±33.53, p=0.003) and Zinc group (from 143.25±52.96 to 123.62±50.33, p=0.005). 6 weeks of HIIT did not change the levels of IgA, IgM and IgG significantly (p>0.05). HIIT along with Zinc augmented IgA value (from 179.75±54.49 to 211.12±89.22, p=0.049), significantly; It also increased IgM and IgG levels which were not significant (p>0.05). Conclusion. It can be concluded that 6 weeks of HIIT had no suppressing effect on the immune system in female futsal players; even HIIT along with Zinc supplementation improved the immune system via increasing IgA value.

Objectives: Very few data on the role of exercise training on diabetic peripheral neuropathy have been reported. The present study was aimed at investigating the effect of resistance-aerobic training for 16 weeks on Brain-derived Neurotropicfactor (BDNF), Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), pain, and Michigan Neuropathy score among type-2 diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy. Materials and methods: A total of 24 diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy were randomly assigned to the control (subject:11) and the experimental group (subject:13). The subjects in the experimental group were required to follow a combined of resistance-aerobic training 3 sessions a week for 16 consecutive weeks. Blood samples were taken from all of the participants once before the start of the study, and at the end of the first, second, third, and fourth months. The pain felt by the subjects was measured with the Visual Analogue Scale concurrent with the blood sampling procedure. Findings: The results showed that resistance-aerobic training had no statistically significant effect on the BDNF, Glucose, and HbA1c indexes of the experimental group at P>0.05. However, the level of pain, lower body limb strength, and Michigan Neuropathy score of the experimental group subjects showed a meaningful improvement compared to those of the subjects in the control group. Conclusion: Although the BDNF serum level did not show any meaningful reduction after resistance-aerobic training, the pain felt, strength, and Michigan neuropathy score improved. It seems highly likely that following resistance-aerobic training can prevent the increase of glucose level in the blood and the reduction of BDNF level in the blood.

Objective To compare the effects of resistance and aerobic training (RT and AT) on spexin (SPX), appetite, lipid accumulation product (LAP), visceral adiposity index (VAI), and body composition in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six T2DM men were randomized to receive RT ( n = 12), AT ( n = 12), or to act as a non-exercise control (CON, n = 12) 3 days a week for 12 weeks. Results: SPX was increased after both RT and AT (66.2% and 46.5%, respectively). VAI, LAP, and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were reduced in both groups, while quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (Quicki) and McAuley’s indexes were increased following both interventions. However, the increases of both hunger and PFC in the RT group were greater than those of the AT. Moreover, the improvement of upper-body strength (41% vs. 10.3%) and lower-body strength (42.2% vs. 20.5%) in the RT group was greater than those of the AT. Conclusion: Our investigation shows that regardless of the modes of the regimen, a 12-week exercise intervention with RT and AT can effectively induce a significant improvement in SPX levels, appetite, LAP, VAI, and body composition in adults with T2DM.