Objective To compare the effects of resistance and aerobic training (RT and AT) on spexin (SPX), appetite, lipid accumulation product (LAP), visceral adiposity index (VAI), and body composition in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six T2DM men were randomized to receive RT ( n = 12), AT ( n = 12), or to act as a non-exercise control (CON, n = 12) 3 days a week for 12 weeks. Results: SPX was increased after both RT and AT (66.2% and 46.5%, respectively). VAI, LAP, and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were reduced in both groups, while quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (Quicki) and McAuley’s indexes were increased following both interventions. However, the increases of both hunger and PFC in the RT group were greater than those of the AT. Moreover, the improvement of upper-body strength (41% vs. 10.3%) and lower-body strength (42.2% vs. 20.5%) in the RT group was greater than those of the AT. Conclusion: Our investigation shows that regardless of the modes of the regimen, a 12-week exercise intervention with RT and AT can effectively induce a significant improvement in SPX levels, appetite, LAP, VAI, and body composition in adults with T2DM.

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Background and objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of six months of aerobic exercise on lipid profile, inflammatory markers, and risk factors of cardiovascular disease in middle-aged obese women.Methods: Fifteen obese woman (age range: 35 to 45 years) with BMI of ≥30 Kg/m 2 were enrolled via purposeful and convenience sampling. The participants were randomly divided into training (n=10) and control (n=5) groups. Blood samples (7 ml) were taken from all participants before the first training session and after the last training session. The women performed 60 minutes of aerobic exercise at 55-65% of heart rate reserve, three sessions a week, for six months. Data was analyzed using independent and paired t-tests and Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon tests at significance of 0.05.Results: After the six-month aerobic exercise, C-reactive protein, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein/total cholesterol decreased significantly. The exercise intervention also caused a significant increase in the concentrations of high-density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein A. Exercise, physical activity, and endurance training can act as therapeutic factors for patients with atherosclerosis (11). Recent studies show that regular exercise can lower LDL levels by 5% and subsequently increase HDL by 3 to 6% (12). Long-term exercise directly reduces CRP levels by decreasing cytokine production in adipose tissue, muscles, and mononuclear cells and increasing insulin sensitivity, all of which contribute to weight loss and improvement of endothelial function (13). In recent years, the protein component of lipoproteins has attracted the attention of researchers, and many studies have shown that serum levels of HDL and LDL depend on the production of ApoA and ApoB. In addition, ApoA and ApoB levels have a negative and positive correlation with risk of cardiovascular disease, respectively (14). Hence, this study evaluated the effects of six months of aerobic training on lipid profile, inflammatory markers, and cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged obese women (with BMI of ≥30). Conclusion MATERIAL AND METHODSFifteen obese woman (age range: 35 to 45 years) with BMI of ≥30 Kg/m 2 were enrolled via purposeful and convenience sampling. After obtaining consent and completion of a health questionnaire, the participants were randomly divided into training (n=10) and control (n=5) groups. Exclusion criteria included drug use, menopause, smoking, and regular exercise in the last six months. First, anthropometric characteristics such as height, weight, and BMI of the women were recorded. Then, they participated in a briefing before the start of the training protocol. To evaluate the variables under study, fasting blood samples (7 ml) were taken from all participants in a sitting position before the first training session (pretest) and after complication of the last training session (post-test). The women performed 60 minutes of aerobic exercise, three sessions a week, for ...

Background. It seems strenuous trainings have a suppressing effect on the immune function and athletes performing such trainings are probably prone to infectious diseases due to weakened immune system. Objectives. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of six weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with and without zinc o ooitatpemelspu s pu ot au laa noglobulin concentrations in female futsal players. Mthods. Thirty-two female futsal players were randomly divided into 4 groups like placebo, Zinc, HIIT+Placebo and Zinc+HIIT. All athletes had to attend futsal-specific training 3 sessions per week. Zinc and Placebo groups took 30 mg day−1 of zinc gluconate or dextrose, respectively, and HIIT groups performed 6-10 repetitions of a 30-second running at 100% of VO2peak with 4-minutes rest between the efforts during six weeks.uResults. IgM levels decreased significantly in placebo group (from 136.25±34.44 to 119±33.53, p=0.003) and Zinc group (from 143.25±52.96 to 123.62±50.33, p=0.005). 6 weeks of HIIT did not change the levels of IgA, IgM and IgG significantly (p>0.05). HIIT along with Zinc augmented IgA value (from 179.75±54.49 to 211.12±89.22, p=0.049), significantly; It also increased IgM and IgG levels which were not significant (p>0.05). Conclusion. It can be concluded that 6 weeks of HIIT had no suppressing effect on the immune system in female futsal players; even HIIT along with Zinc supplementation improved the immune system via increasing IgA value.

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