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| Pasteurella multocida is the most critical respiratory bacterial infection of rabbits, around the globe. Beside passive immunization, anti-bacterial treatment is the primary choice of disease control. Since tulathromycin may be retained in the lung for many days after single administration, it can be applied for treatment of respiratory diseases. Hence, the purpose of current study was to evaluate the efficacy of tulathromycin in treating experimentally infected rabbits with P. multocida. In the sensitivity test, tulathromycin showed a potent inhibitory effect on P. multocida compared to several well-established antimicrobial agents. In vivo, treatment with tulathromycin improved clinical signs, mortality rate, lesion scores and growth performance parameters in infected rabbits. Furthermore, treatment with tulathromycin ameliorated the hematological picture, lowered the level of biochemical parameters which were significantly increased due to infection as liver enzymes, blood urea, creatinine and creatine kinase (CK-MB) and elevated the levels of total protein and albumin. Biochemical findings were supported by histopathological picture. It can be concluded that tulathromycin is an ideal and safe antibiotic for treating infection with Pasteurella multocida in rabbits.

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The present study was carried out to evaluate the side effects of lamivudine administration and its immunological effect in male albino rats through estimating some hematological parameters, liver and kidney functions, humoral immunity and phagocytic capacity. Forty adult male albino rats were divided into 2 groups (control and treated groups) each of 20 rats. The treated group was orally administered Lamivudine for 60 days in a dose of 9 mg/kg BW once daily. In the current study, all hematological parameters were within the normal range except the packed cell volume which increased at 60 days (45.60±0.87). IgG was increased in the treated group at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days (1183.96±11.64, 1203.58±2.02, 1185±13.27 and 1181.16±11.74, P<0.01, respectively), while IgM did not reveal any significant change. In treated group, there were no significant changes in serum urea and creatinine except after 15 days of drug administration the creatinine level was significantly decreased. Aspartate aminotransferase was decreased (24.00±1.94, P<0.01) after 45 days of drug administration, while alkaline phosphatase did not significantly changed. Alanine aminotransferase was decreased (26.20±1.95, 31.40±1.77, 29±3.39 and 22±1.41, P<0.01) at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days, respectively. The total protein increased at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of drug administration in the treated group (8.64±0.12, 8.07±0.19, 8.06±0.46 and 8.60±0.22, P<0.01, respectively). Moreover, total globulins were significantly increased at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of drug administration (4. 91±0.13, 4.92±0.35, 4.31±0.26 and 4.34±0.16, respectively). The present results revealed an increase in the phagocytic percent and phagocytic index at 30 (1.12±0.09 and 79.15±3.64) and 60 days (0.93±0.08 and 77.13±4.45) of drug administration, respectively. Based on the current findings, it may be concluded that lamivudine had no serious side effects on hematology, both liver and kidney functions with a promising immunostimulant effect.

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| Cisplatin is a potent, first-line chemotherapeutic drug used for a variety of solid tumors in pet animals as well as humans. The therapeutic application of cisplatin is restricted due to its resistance and toxicity to the healthy tissues. In addition, it exhibits less selectivity for tumor against normal tissue that may be a crucial limiting element for its worth. To handle these limitations of the free drug, nanotechnology-based therapeutics have shown clear benefits compared to unmodified drugs, including better half-life, survival, performance targeting and less side effects for patients. Nanoparticle drug delivery systems have been investigated to facilitate the delivery of cisplatin to kill cancer cells. Nanoparticles/drug conjugate design has important effects on pharmacokinetics, bio-distribution of the drug which reduces its observed toxicity. Formulations that allow enhanced delivery and controlled release of anti-tumor drug can actually accomplish the goal of nanomedicine as a means of enhancing effectiveness and minimal serious side effects. Here, we survey some of the most common adverse effects associated with cisplatin conventional therapy with highlights latest progress in formulations of nanoparticles; concentrating on the promising agents in preclinical or clinical studies; as smart nanocarriers conjugate that composed of metal nanoparticles as a delivery vehicle for cisplatin to target the tumor mass and reduce its side effects and tissue toxicity.