Abstract. Efendi MH, Faridah HD, Wibisono FM, Wibisono FJ, Nisa N, Fatimah F, Ugbo EN. 2022. Detection of virulence factor encoding genes on Escherichia coli isolated from broiler chicken in Blitar District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 3437-3442. Broiler chicken is a source of protein that is widely consumed by the public. However, broiler chicken production sometimes decreases due to infectious diseases such as colibacillosis caused by pathogenic Escherichia coli possessing virulence genes. Virulence factors function to facilitate colonization and invasion of host cells to cause disease. The presence of these virulence factors is encoded by various genes such asthe increased serum survival gene and P fimbriae gene which plays a role in surface adhesion. The present study aims to detect the presence of virulence genes from extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing E.coli isolated from broiler chickens in the Blitar District. A total of 110 cloacal swabs collected by systematic random sampling from broiler poultry farms in four different sub-districts were screened for ESBL-producing E. coli and virulence genes by phenotypic and molecular methods, respectively. Out of 110 E.coli recovered, 95 (86.4%) were observed to show a high level of resistance to the tested antibiotics, and 34 (35.7%) were ESBL-producers. Among ESBL producing E. coli isolates, 22 (73.5%) and 1 (2.9%) were found to have the iss and papC gene virulence factors, respectively using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The results of this study indicate that virulence genes can be found in E. coli from poultry farms. The iss gene is the most predominant virulence gene. The reportof these virulence factors in E. coli isolated from broiler could impose a serious potential public health problem.

Several key player factors, such as cytokine and complement, play an important role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The purpose of this study was to reveal the association between complement 3 (C3), complement 4 (C4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) with SLE disease activity, renal damage, and hematological activity in patients with naïve SLE. The Laboratory of Clinical Pathology Dr. Soetomo General Hospital in Surabaya performed all laboratory examinations on thirty women with naïve SLE. The SLE diagnosis is based on ACR criteria (1998 revised criteria) from Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya, Indonesia, and the systemic lupus activity measurement (SLAM) score is used to assess the disease activity. The correlation was statistically tested using the Spearman and Pearson tests. The differences in cytokine and complement levels are between SLE severity groups using the two-way Anova and Kruskal–Wallis. The unpaired T-test and Mann–Whitney test were used to determine the differences between the relatively normal and the more severe groups of organ damage and hematological activity. All tests were two-tailed, analyzed with GraphPad Prism 9 for windows, and a p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. This study found a significant decrease in C3 (20.2, 16.4–24.2 mg/dL) and C4 (7, 6–14.3 mg/dL) and an increase in IL-6 (35.60 ± 7.43 mg/dL) and TGF-β (311.1 ± 290.8 mg/dL) in the group of severe patients with SLAM scores >30. Although there is no significant relationship between SLAM and renal impairment or hematologic activity, patients with higher SLAM had a significant decrease in complement; this complement decrease was also significant in patients with higher leukocyte counts. An insignificant increase in cytokines was also observed in patients with higher SLAM. Patients with high serum creatinine levels had a significant increase in TGF-β, whereas those with a faster ESR had a significant increase in IL-6. In conjunction with complements evaluation, assessment of the cytokine profile may become a promising marker for reliable diagnosis and treatment of SLE in the future.

Introduction Infections of humans and animals by multidrug resistant bacteria are increasing because of the inappropriate use of antibiotics. Disease management may be more challenging if Escherichia coli produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), which could cause resistance to aztreonam and third-generation cephalosporins. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of the bla CTX-M and bla TEM genes among ESBL-producing E. coli isolated from broiler chickens in Indonesia. Material and Methods A total of 115 broiler cloacal swab samples were obtained from 22 farms and studied for the presence of E. coli. The isolates were identified using approved standard methods and were purified on eosin methylene blue agar media. The E. coli isolates were subjected to sensitivity testing using beta-lactam antibiotics, and ESBL production was confirmed by a double-disc synergy test. The presence of the bla CTX-M and bla TEM genes was identified using a PCR. Results It was found that 99/115 (86.1%) of the isolated E. coli were resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics and 34/115 (29.6%) of them were phenotypically detected to be ESBL producers. Of the 34 isolates that were confirmed ESBL producers, 32/34 (94.1%) of them harboured the bla CTX-M and 13/34 (38.2%) the bla TEM genes. The bla CTX-M and bla TEM genes were detected together in 12/34 (35.3%) isolates. Conclusion This study discovered that broiler chickens are possible reservoirs of ESBL-producing E. coli that may infect humans. Thus, a committed public health education campaign is recommended in order to mitigate the potential threat to human health.

Background: Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by enthesitis, sacroiliitis, and axial joint involvement. Although the association of HLA with SpA has been widely reported, there have been no studies of HLA type in the Indonesian population within the last 20 years. This study aims to identify the HLA type in SpA patients at Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Indonesia. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional analytical design with samples that met the criteria for SpA according to the 2009 ASAS. The clinical scores used in this study were mSASSS, BASFI, ASDAS, and Schober. Genetic identification using PCR was performed followed by sanger sequencing to determine the HLA type in the patient. DNA sequences were aligned with BLAST, and a phylogenetic tree was created using MEGA 11. Descriptive and comparative analyzes were performed using GraphPad Prism 9. Results: This study founded four types of HLA in SpA patients at Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, that is HLA-B with six alleles; -B*2704 (12.86%), -B*2705 (1.43%), -B*2706 (1.43%), -B*1802 (4.28%), -B*57v (1.43%), -B*35 (2.86%), HLA - C (21.43%), and HLA - K (52.83%). Clinical scoring of HLA-C and HLA-K indicated severe and progressive disease activity. The HLA-K had the highest mSASSS (26, 95% CI: 22–28), while HLA-C had the highest BASFI score (60, 95% CI: 55–68), the lowest Schober score (12, 95% CI: 10–14), and the shortest duration of illness (22, 95% CI: 12–36). There is no significant difference in the ASDAS score among types. Conclusions: The most common HLA types found in SpA patients at Dr. Soetomo were HLA-C and HLA-K, with the most progressive disease activity indicated by poor mSASSS, BASFI, ASDAS, and Schober scores with a short duration of illness.

Vector-borne diseases transmitted by mosquitoes are considered a significant public health problem worldwide. Aedes aegypti is one of the mosquito species responsible for transmitting these diseases. One environmentally friendly method of vector control is the use of microbial agents such as Bacillus species. This study aimed to explore investigate indigenous entomopathogenic bacteria of Bacillus species isolated from A. aegypti larvae. Larvae samples were collected from breeding sites of A. aegypti. All isolates underwent screening and affirmation confirmation tests to assess their larvicidal toxicity against A. aegypti larvae. Phenotypic characterizations and molecular identifications were conducted to determine the species of the Bacillus isolates based on similarity index and percent identity (%ID). Phylogenetic trees were used to compare the isolates with other Bacillus species. The results revealed 120 isolates of Bacillus species from A. aegypti larvae samples. Among them, three isolates (LS3.3, LS9.1, and LSD4.2) exhibited the highest larvicidal toxicity in the confirmation test, resulting in larval mortality rates of 100%, 96.7%, and 100%, respectively, after 48 hours of exposure. Molecular identifications, showed that LSD4.2 had a 99.16% ID with Bacillus velezensis, LS3.3 had a 98.22% ID with Bacillus mojavensis, and LS9.1 had a 99.93% ID with Bacillus subtilis. These three bacteria from the Bacillus genus have been reported to offer significant benefits to humans.