A Triple Langmuir Probe (TLP) has been used to study plasma parameters of a transient plasma produced in a newly developed Pulsed Plasma Accelerator system. In this experiment, a TLP with a capacitor based current mode biasing circuit was used that instantaneously gives voltage traces in an oscilloscope which are directly proportional to the plasma electron temperature and density. The electron temperature (Te) and plasma density (ne) of the plasma are measured with the help of this probe and found to be 24.13 eV and 3.34 × 1021/m3 at the maximum energy (−15 kV) of the system, respectively. An attempt was also made to analyse the time-dependent fluctuations in plasma parameters detected by the highly sensitive triple probe. In addition to this, the variation of these parameters under different discharge voltages was studied. The information obtained from these parameters is the initial diagnostics of a new device which is to be dedicated to study the impact of high heat flux plasma stream upon material surfaces inside an ITER like tokamak.
Eco-enzymes or Garbage enzymes have emerged as a solution to managing organic wastes. These organic wastes containing carbon compounds are discharged from houses that ultimately end up in landfills. Eco-enzymes or Garbage enzymes are mainly concerned with the enzymes produced from the anaerobic fermentation of fresh vegetables or fruit wastes. The longer the fermentation period, the better its efficiency. This review is carried out with the intention of bringing forth all the enzymes isolated so far from household organic wastes and their various applications, including the microorganisms involved in the process. Production of Ecoenzymes or Garbage enzymes is very straightforward. It requires fresh vegetable and/or fruit wastes, a sugar source in the form of jaggery, molasses or brown sugar, water, and airtight plastic containers. These are mixed in a 3:1:10 ratio respectively and kept for three months, whereby through anaerobic fermentation, the wastes get converted to enzymes. After three months, this organic liquid loaded with hydrolytic enzymes can be used in a wide variety of ways. Applying Eco-enzymes or Garbage enzymes includes treating wastewater sludge as a potent disinfectant and fertilizer, antibacterial agent in endodontic treatments, and hand sanitizer. These bio-enzymes are a one-stop solution to managing many issues. From being a disinfectant and biofertilizer to having great potential in cleaning waste water while reducing the need for landfills that releases methane gases which play a significant role in global warming, it is a multipurpose liquid.
The neutron emission from a low energy (2.2 kJ) plasma focus device operated in deuterium medium has been investigated by employing photo-multiplier tube (PMT) and bubble dosimeter. The neutron emission is found to be pressure dependent and anisotropic in nature. In most cases of plasma focus shots, the PMT signal shows double pulses of neutron emission with different intensities and widths. An interesting relation between intensity of hard X-ray and neutron emission is also observed.
The neutron emission from a low energy (2.2 kJ) plasma focus (PF) device operated with two different shapes (cylindrical and converging) of anodes has been investigated by employing photomultiplier tube and bubble dosimeter. The neutron emission with each anode is analyzed and the results are compared. It is found that the anode shapes strongly influenced the emission of neutron. The X-ray emission is found to be higher in case of converging anode, while neutron emission is found to be higher in case of cylindrical anode. The neutron yield and energy are found to be highly anisotropic in nature which indicates that the beam target mechanism plays a major role in the neutron emission in a PF device. The speed factor as well as the specific heat ratio of pinch column shows a good agreement with the experimentally observed results.
An energetic nitrogen plasma stream of a pulsed plasma accelerator was used to study plasma matter interaction with stainless steel 304 samples. The high velocity plasma stream was allowed to interact with the samples at different plasma energy densities. The exposed samples were analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Micro-hardness tests. The SEM micrograph shows the formation of fine particles, melting, cracking and evaporation of sample surface at different plasma energy densities. Tentative threshold values of these phenomena were estimated from experimental observations. The XRD result doesn't predict the formation of nitrides but confirms the occurrence of stress and relaxation in the lattice. The hardness value decreases with an increase in energy density and number of exposures. The EDX results show deposition of eroded particles and envisage possibility of creation of vacancy defects.
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