The concept of “complexity” is considered in relation to radiation processes in condensed matter. It is shown that a combination of such properties as nanoscale, fractality, low dimension, chirality, and hierarchy in combination with high nonequilibrium create conditions for the manifestation of unusual “emergent” radiation effects (radiation synergetics, great dose reduction of threshold radiation effects, etc.). Examples of radiation effects in living and inanimate systems, interpreted within the framework of the concept of “complexity”, are presented. An overview of both previously obtained and new results is presented.
Электронная структура приповерхностных областей наночастиц оксидного материала особого типа и возможность на этой основе получения специфических выпрямляющих свойств контактаизучаются теоретически, а затем проверяются экспериментально. Построены модели поверхностных состояний типа Тамма с учетом кулоновского дальнодействия. Обнаруженная дисперсия и еезависимость от кривизны поверхности наночастиц позволяют модельно изучить условия формирования контактной разности потенциалов для случаев наночастиц одинакового радиуса (синергетический эффект), разных радиусов (легированный и нелегированный варианты), а также обнаружить возможность описания группы частиц порошка из данного материала в рамках модели Андерсона. Некоторые следствия предложенной концепции были исследованы в рамках эксперимента по характеру вольтамперных характеристик пары контактирующих частиц порошка с различными комбинациями радиусов, и они показывают наличие свойств, характерных для выпрямляющего контакта. Выдвигаются перспективы для дальнейших экспериментальных испытаний, вытекающих из предложенной теории.
This paper reviews individual cases of the relationships between variations of solar wind parameters and variations of the DC vertical atmospheric electric field, $$E_z$$
E
z
, and current density, $$J_z$$
J
z
, measured at ground level in the Arctic, at the S. Siedlecki Polish Polar Station Hornsund, Spitsbergen (Svalbard, Norway), and at the mid-latitude S. Kalinowski Geophysical Observatory in Swider (Poland). A considerable number of events from Hornsund confirmed previous observations of regularity of effects related to the station’s position against the location of the potential bays of ionospheric convection and polar electrojets, observed in other polar locations, as well as effects of other polar cap current systems. This allowed us to conclude that the physical dependence of ground-level $$E_z$$
E
z
and $$J_z$$
J
z
on solar wind changes produce measurable effects which do not require statistical analysis to be observed. We can also expect that the dependence does exist, especially in strongly disturbed circumstances, e.g., following solar flares and Earth-directed coronal mass ejections, at middle latitudes. However, further investigations of these physical relationships by this approach are practically almost impossible since a very large number of variable parameters simultaneously affect the recorded lower atmospheric variables. In addition, results of quantitative analysis of predicted and observed effects are not satisfactory. Future research studies require more efficient ways of investigation by theoretical treatment and modelling work using existing and novel observational data besides taking advantage of scientific progress in magnetospheric physics.
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