The relationship between the quality of milk of different breeds of goat and their diets was assessed. Anglo-Nubian, German White and Alpine goats were used in the experiment, with 7 goats representing each breed. The influence of two diets viz., a routine diet (hay and concentrates) and a diet improved by introduction of granulated alfalfa hay, cabbage and carrots, as well as mixed feed on productivity and characteristics of goat milk were investigated. Goats were machine milked twice daily and the quantity as well as quality of milk were assessed. Results indicated that the milk yield of the Alpine goats increased 3 times; and that of the German White goats increased more than 2.5 times when fed improved diet. Feeding improved diet resulted in significant increase in fat content of milk irrespective of the goat breed. A significant increase in the protein, lactose, and consequentially the, dry non-fat milk solids was observed in Anglo-Nubian and German White goats when fed the improved diet. However, when compared to German White and Alpine goats, highest fat, protein and lactose contents were recorded in milk of Anglo-Nubian goats both on routine and improved diet. The maximum difference in biochemical parameters of milk upon changing the diet was also found in Anglo-Nubian goats. Further, the freezing point and electrical conductivity of the milk decreased irrespective of the breed when goats were fed improved diet. An inverse relationship was found between the protein content in the goats’ milk and the freezing point: with increase in the protein content, the freezing point was reduced.
Among the following breeds of sheep, Merino, Bleu du Maine, Bluefaced Leicester, Dorper, Clan Forest, Suffolk, Texel and Beltex, helminths of two classes (Nematoda and Cestoda) have been registered in Ukraine (Dnipropetrovsk oblast). Among the nematodes there were: parasites of the digestive system Haemonchus contortus (Rudolphi, 1803), Strongyloides papillosus (Wedl, 1856), Nematodirus sp., Trichuris sp. and parasites of the respiratory system Muellerius capillaris (Muller, 1889). In the excrements of small ruminants, eggs of Moniezia expansa (Rudolphi, 1805) (Cestoda) – helminths of the small intestine, were found. Among all studied animals we found S. papillosus. 58.2% of sheep were infested with H. contortus. The lowest indicators of invasion extensivity were registered for parasitism of Trichuris sp. and M. capillaries. Extensivity of Nematodirus invasion did not exceed 16.3%. This indicator for cestodiasis, specifically monieziasis, among sheep was 25,5%. The range of fluctuation in intensivity of nematode invasion was within 7 to 860 eggs/g of excrement. This indicator for Cestoda invasion did not exceed 350 eggs/g. The highest indicators of average invasion were registered for parasitism by S. papillosus and H. contortus. The lowest average indicators of intensity were found for Trichuris. For Nematoda and Muellerius they were 25.0 and 88.9 individuals/g of feces correspondingly. The greatest influence on changes of body weight in sheep was caused by nematodes of the digestive tract Trichuris sp. and of the respiratory organs M. capillaris. The indicators of Trichuris infection level are the lowest in comparison with other registered helminthiases.
Galenic preparations are broadly used against microorganisms pathogenic to humans, thought their poteintial in this aspect is not studied completely. In our in vitro experiment we studied the influence of alcohol tinctures from 38 species of plants on 15 species of bacteria and one species of fungus. Zones of growth inhibition of colonies measuring over 8 mm were observed during the use of ethanol extracts of Maclura pomifera against eight species of microorganisms (Escherichia сoli, Proteus mirabilis, Serratia marcescens, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella typhimurium, Rhodococcus equi, Campylobacter jejuni and Corynebacterium xerosis), Ginkgo biloba – against eight species (Enterococcus faecalis, S. marcescens, Y. enterocolitica, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria іnnocua, L. monocytogenes, Р. аeruginosa and C. jejuni), Genista tinctoria – against seven species (E. coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Proteus mirabilis, K. pneumoniae, S. typhimurium, Р. аeruginosa and Rh. equi), Phellodendron amurense – against seven species (E. faecalis, S. marcescens, S. typhimurium, Rh. equi, C. jejunі, C. xerosis and Candida albicans), Berberis vulgaris – against seven species (P. mirabilis, S. marcescens, K. pneumoniae, S. typhimurium, C. jejuni, Р. аeruginosa and C. xerosis), Vitex negundo – against six species (E. faecalis, E. coli, P. mirabilis, K. pneumoniae, S. typhimurium and Rh. equi), Koelreuteria paniculata – against six species (E. faecalis, P. mirabilis, S. marcescens, S. typhimurium, C. jejunі and E. coli), Magnolia kobus – against six species (E. faecalis, E. coli, P. mirabilis, S. marcescens, S. typhimurium, C. jejunі and C. xerosis), Liriodendron tulipifera – against six species (K. pneumoniae, Listeria іnnocua, Р. аeruginosa, C. jejuni, Rh. equi and C. albicans), Clematis flammula – against six species (E. faecalis, P. mirabilis, L. monocytogenes, Р. аeruginosa, C. jejuni and C. xerosis), Wisteria sinensis – against five species (E. coli, S. typhimurium, L. monocytogenes, Rh. equi and C. albicans), Chimonanthus praecox – against five species (E. faecalis, S. marcescens, L. monocytogenes, C. jejuni and Rh. equi), Colchicum autumnale – against five species (S. marcescens, K. pneumoniae, L. ivanovi, L. monocytogenes and Р. аeruginosa). As a result of the study, these plants were found to be the most promising for further study of in vivo antibacterial activity. In the search of antibacterial and antifungal activities, the following plants were observed to be less promising: Ailanthus altissima, Aristolochia manshuriensis, Artemisia absinthium, Callicarpa bodinieri, Campsis radicans, Catalpa duclouxii, Celastrus scandens, Dictamnus alba, Eucommia ulmoides, Geranium sanguineum, Laburnum anagyroides, Nepeta racemosa, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Polygonatum multiflorum, Prunus dulcis, P. laurocerasus, Ptelea trifoliata, Pteridium aquilinum, Quercus castaneifolia, Q. petraea iberica, Salvia officinalis, Securigera varia, Styphnolobium japonicum, Tamarix elongata and Vitex agnus-castus.
Due to high mortality, listeriosis is one of the most common causes of death from illnesses associated with food, taking the second place after salmonellosis. Listeriosis, as a rule, arises as a result of consumption of contaminated products, including meat products, cheese, ready-to-eat foods. L. monocytogenes belongs to the third group of pathogenicity. Contamination by L. monocytogenes in processing of products is a constant problem in food plants. Food contamination Listeria leads to a withdrawal of products that produces economic losses. Analysis of the dynamic detection and of the differential identification of Listeria spp. in the meat products of poultry processing enterprises in Dnipropetrovsk region was conducted. The research was carried out by Dnipropetrovsk regional state laboratory of the state service of Ukraine for food safety and consumer protection. The results of bacteriological researches of meat samples which poultry plants gave for microbiological analysis during period 2008-2018 were used for monitoring. Microbiological research was carried out in accordance with valid international normative documents. The fluorescence analyzer Mini Vidas, France, the CAMP test were used for analysis. The biochemical properties of isolated microorganisms were established using BioMerieux API tests, France. Analyzing the number of researches and identification of microorganisms in the Dnipropetrovsk region for the period of 11 years, 3001 positive results out of 8172 analyzed samples were found (36.7%). Herewith, part of positive samples goes up from 8.5% in 2008 to 77.9% in 2018. L. ivanovii was isolated in 1523 samples (18.6%), L. inocua -833 (10.2%), L. monocytogenes -493 (6%), L. seeliger -97 (1.2%), L. grayi -36 (0.4%), L. welshimeri in 19 samples of meat products (0.2%) out of the 8172 microbiological studies conducted over 11 years. Of the six types of identified Listeria, more than half were L. ivanovii, which is twice as high as cases with L. incocua and thrice compared to L. monocytogenes. Моніторинг виявленняListeria spp. в м'ясопродуктах птиці у Дніпропетровській області Н.М. Зажарська, І.В. Боровик Дніпровський державний аграрно-економічний університет, м. Дніпро, Україна Через високу летальність, лістеріоз є однією з найчастіших причин смерті від хвороб, пов'язаних з харчовими продуктами, посідаючи друге місце після сальмонельозу. Лістеріоз, зазвичай, виникає в результаті споживання контамінованих продуктів, у тому числі м'ясних і молочних. L. monocytogenes відносять до третьої групи патогенності. Переробні підприємства стикаються з постійною проблемою обсіменіння L. monocytogenes у виробництві. Забруднення харчових продуктів Listeria призводить до відкликання продукції, що спричиняє суттєві економічні збитки. Проведений аналіз динаміки виявлення і диференціальної ідентифікації Listeria spp. в м'ясопродуктах птахопереробних підприємств Дніпропетровщини. Дослідження проводили у Дніпропетровській регіональній державній лабораторії державної служби України з питань безпечності харчових продуктів ...
The aim of research was to analyze the contents of somatic cells (SC) in goat milk in the East of Ukraine, level of SC translocation in the process of milking, speed of SC evacuation in their secret, to conduct monitoring and ranging on the level of SC goat milk of herds in the Eastern region during 2015 seasonally. Somatic cell count was studied on a large number of animals in different zones of the East of Ukraine (1800 milk samples). Somatic cell count in goat milk of the Eastern region of Ukraine appears up to 800×10³ cells/ml at 65-71% of studied milk samples by the method of laser-running cytometry with the account of only those cells having DNA in the nucleus. While analyze of SC subpopulations in goat milk it is shown that at increase to 2 million cells/ml and more the concentration of neutrophils and lymphocytes does not change and the number of macrophages and eosinophils (р≤0,05) rises from 1,5 to 4 times accordingly. It is marked that SC contents in goat milk in the morning and evening yield of milk is different. In evening yield of milk, the somatic cell count is up to 30 % higher than in the morning one. A clear pattern of distribution of somatic cells in milk portions during milking was not detected. Average sample of yield is required to determine the somatic cell count in the milk of goats. Six of the eight goats over six months of lactation were given milk with a fairly constant somatic cell count. Low and fairly constant somatic cells content (15 to 63 × 103 cells / ml) is observed in the milk of primiparous goats.
Research was conducted in the laboratory LILCO, Surgères, France. For the first experiment, 24 samples of cooled bulk tank goat milk were selected be transported within 2 – 3 hours at different temperatures. Then all samples were stored day at 4 °C. The indicators of bacterial contamination, fat, protein, freezing point, somatic cell count, urea were similar for different temperatures of transporting milk samples. Noted the big somatic cell count (> 2000 thousand / ml) at low bacterial contamination (19,6 × 103 CFU/mL) of goat milk. Samples of milk can be delivered to the laboratory for 2–3 hours at a temperature of 2, 10 or 20 °C if the milk immediately after milking cooled and stored in a tank at 4 °C.10 samples of cow's milk (non–cooled – 3 hours after milking, cooled – after a day) were also examined. Bacterial contamination of milk which has been cooled and being stored one day at 4 °C was in 4.6 times less (P < 0.01) than non–cooled milk, analyzed in 3 hours after milking. This proves that bacterial contamination of milk in Ukraine accordance with European requirements (up to 100 thousand. CFU/ml) is possible only when rapid cooling of milk after milking to 4 оС and storing it in the cooling tank.
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