The article discusses the fundamental and modern data on the structure and functions of human large and small lacrimal glands. The palpebral lobe of the human lacrimal gland consists of numerous fairly large lobules, which are almost of identical structure. Each lobule has several axial excretory intralobular ducts. Their branches along the whole length are surrounded by secretory epithelial components in the form of terminal sections and the corresponding finniest terminal lacrimal ducts that are grouped into the grape-bunch structural elements. Blood supply to the capillary network of the lacrimal gland and its alveoli is carried out by several arterioles that run through very large interstitial spaces rich in fatty tissue. Each arteriole supplies several adjacent lobules. The network of capillaries can be described as integral and is not divided into segments that would correspond to sublobular units. Blood capillaries are located in the spaces between several adjacent terminal portions. Thus, the fact of close syntopic similarity of the intralobular excretory ducts and postcapillary venules has been confirmed. The article poses the appropriateness of more detailed morphological studying of anatomical and topographic characteristics of the lacrimal glands. If has been found out the lack of information on the cellular composition of the wall of the excretory ducts of the lacrimal gland, both in humans and in laboratory rats, in order to compare their morphology and the quality of the secretion they produce. It would be interesting to compare the morphology of the human lacrimal glands and the garder gland in rats to identify general biological characteristics of the structure and functioning.
Украинская медицинская стоматологическая академия, г. Полтава В статье показано, что от развития науки и качества подготовки квалифицированных специалистов, которые обеспечивают современный научный процесс, зависит не только здоровье нации, но и судьбы народов, населяющих Землю, и будущее самой планеты. В статье освещены этапы научной анатомии, результаты и перспективы ее развития. Выделены цели, задачи, методы и результаты собственных исследований на основе стереоморфологического метода изучения полых и паренхиматозных внутренних органов и желез. В статье приведена уникальная методика, позволяющая получать трехмерное представление о сосудах тела человека, способствующая пространственному восприятию архитектоники экстра-и интраорганного кровеносного руслаинъекционно-коррозионный метод, разработанный голландским ученым Рюйшем. Отмечено, что «изюминкой» музея кафедры анатомии человека Украинской медицинской стоматологической академии является богатая коллекция инъекционно-коррозионных препаратов внутренних органов человека и животных. Этот классический метод с учетом индивидуальных модификаций позволяет получить точную высококачественную объемную копию кровеносного русла внутреннего органа или отпечатка (слепка) стенок полого органа, пригодных для дальнейшего проведения морфологических исследований. На примере инъекционно-коррозионных препаратов кровеносного русла желудка человека были изучены особенности его стереоангиоархитектоники. В статье освещена разработанная на кафедре анатомии человека Украинской медицинской стоматологической академии методика стереологического исследования предстательной, больших и малых слюнных и слезной желез, которая имеет свое отображение в ряде научных работ сотрудников профессорско-преподавательского состава. В частности, рассмотрены результаты пластического трехмерного реконструирования на примере эпителиальных структур предстательной железы и малых слюнных, слезных желез человека Ключевые слова: анатомия, морфология, стереоморфология, инъекционно-коррозионный метод, многослойная пластическая реконструкция.
Lacrimal apparatus of laboratory rodents and, in particular, rats has been comparatively well studied. The history of its research was presented in works by Levental and Kulchitskyi (1894, 1911.). The structure of human’s lacrimal glands has being studied and completed. Much attention was paid to the drainage of tears from the lacrimal sac to nasolacrimal canal in the humans and rats, age-related changes of secretory epithelium in lacrimal glands of rats, detailed study of the major lacrimal glands in humans (palpebral and orbital lobes). Otherwise, tear-producing and tear-secreting parts of human lacrimal apparatus are understudied organ microcomplexes. This research paper descrides the morphological and functional peculiarities of tear secretion ducts under normal functioning of lacrimal glands.Rats have two paired lacrimal glands. One of glands, smaller in size, is intraorbital (infraorbital) and another, larger, is exoorbital one. Exoorbital gland is larger than intraorbital one. Ducts of these glands join before opening through common duct into conjunctival sac in the external corner of the eye. Both lacrimal glands of rats originate from common embryonic germ and perform the same function and thus, are of the similar histological structure. Moreover, they demonstrate similar spectrum of age-related changes in the morphology. Orbits of rats whithin their boundaries form one more glandular formation, Harderian glands. They release the secretion, rich in lipids and porphyrines. Some scientists report that there no glands like those in humans, but others support the idea that they are in their germinal state. Changes in rats’ lacrimal glands and in Harderian glands can serve as models for simulating diseases of human lacrimal apparatus. This modeling requires in-depth study of spatial organization of the system of excretory ducts and their terminal excretory ducts in syntopic unity with hemomicrocirculatory bed of lacrimal glands in lab rats and humans. It is also important to carry out comparative morphological and stereomorphological analysis of data received, and to describe the peculiarities of the structure of lacrimal glands in lab rats and person.
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