The population of Phytophthora infestans in Brazil consists of two clonal lineages, US-1 associated with tomatoes and BR-1 associated with potatoes. To assess whether host specificity in these lineages resulted from differences in aggressiveness to potato and tomato, six aggressiveness-related epidemiological components -infection frequency (IF), incubation period (IP), latent period (LP), lesion area (LA), lesion expansion rate (LER) and sporulation at several lesion ages (SSLA) -were measured on detached leaflets of late blight-susceptible potato and tomato plants. Infection frequency of US-1 was similar on potato and tomato leaflets, but IF of BR-1 was somewhat reduced on tomato. Incubation period was longer on both hosts with US-1, although this apparent lineage affect was not significant. Overall there was no host effect on IP. On potato, BR-1 had a shorter LP (110·3 h) and a larger LA (6·5 cm 2 ) than US-1 (LP = 162·0 h; LA = 2·8 cm 2 ). The highest LER resulted when isolates of BR-1 (0·121 cm 2 h −1 ) and US-1 (0·053 cm 2 h −1 ) were inoculated on potato and tomato leaflets, respectively. The highest values of the area under the sporulation capacity curve (AUSC) were obtained for isolates of US-1 inoculated on tomato leaflets (6146) and for isolates of BR-1 on potato leaflets (3775). In general, higher values of LA, LER, SSLA and AUSC, and shorter values of LP were measured when isolates of a clonal lineage were inoculated on their original host than with the opposite combinations. There is evidence that there are quantitative differences in aggressiveness components between isolates of US-1 and BR-1 clonal lineages that probably contribute to host specificity of P. infestans populations in Brazil.

Partial virus genome sequence with high nucleotide identity to Cotton leafroll dwarf virus (CLRDV) was identified from two cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) samples from Thailand displaying typical cotton leaf roll disease symptoms. We developed and validated a PCR assay for the detection of CLRDV isolates from Thailand and Brazil.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção, a persistência da matéria seca e a eficiência da dessecação em espécies vegetais utilizadas para cultivos de cobertura do solo, e quantificar seus efeitos sobre a produtividade do algodoeiro em plantio direto. O trabalho foi realizado em Santa Helena de Goiás, GO, com 16 tratamentos: Panicum maximum, cultivares Mombaça, Tanzânia e Massai; Urochloa brizantha, cultivares Piatã, Xaraés, Marandu e MG4; U. decumbens; Paspalum atratum cv. Pojuca; Sorghum bicolor cultivares Santa Eliza e BRS 700; Pennisetum glaucum cv. ADR 500; Raphanus sativus; Eleusine coracana, Crotalaria spectabilis, além da testemunha em pousio. As espécies foram semeadas no início de março (2007). As espécies com menores produtividades e persistência da matéria seca foram C. spectabilis, E. coracana e R. sativus. As produtividades de algodão em caroço e fibra foram maiores no cultivo sobre palhas residuais das cultivares Tanzânia e Mombaça de P. maximum, em comparação às observadas com uso de P. atratum cv. Pojuca, R. sativus e pousio. Em geral, S. bicolor, P. glaucum e as cultivares Tanzânia e Mombaça de P. maximum, e MG4, Piatã e Xaraés de U. brizantha apresentam produção e persistência da matéria seca adequadas para o cultivo do algodoeiro no sistema de plantio direto, no cerrado brasileiro.

Soybean target spot (Corynespora cassiicola) has become an important disease in most soybean growing regions in Brazil. The sensitivity of 34 isolates of C. cassiicola to 11 fungicides was evaluated based on mycelial growth inhibition (boscalid, carbendazim, cyproconazole, fluopyram, fluxapyroxad, prothioconazole and thiophanate-methyl) or spore germination inhibition (azoxystrobin, picoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin). In addition, the efficacy of five fungicides to control target spot was tested in four field trials carried out during three crop seasons: 2011/2012, 2012/2013 and 2013/2014. Fungal isolates were collected from soybean plants in several soybean growing areas in Brazil. The effective concentration of each fungicide to inhibit fungal growth or spore germination by 50% (EC 50 ) was calculated for all isolates. ABSTRACTgrowth inhibition and pyraclostrobin led to the lowest spore germination percentage, with the lowest EC 50 values. At field experiments, cyproconazole and carbendazim showed target spot control ranging from 26% to 29%. On the other hand, fluxapyroxad and prothioconazole prevented an epidemic of the disease by 45% to 55%, respectively. In general, the efficacy of fungicides in the field reflected the in vitro sensitivity averages. Large sensitivity reduction was detected to benzimidazoles (MBC), indicating that this group of fungicides should no longer be used for target spot control. There was a negative and significant correlation (-0.265) between target spot severity and soybean yield. The pathogen showed variability in sensitivity to the fungicide groups carboxamides (SDHI), triazoles (DMI) and strobilurins (QoI), which denotes a high risk of selection for resistance. RESUMOA mancha-alvo da soja (Corynespora cassiicola) tornou-se uma importante doença na maioria das regiões produtoras de soja no Brasil. A sensibilidade de 34 isolados de Corynespora cassiicola a 11 fungicidas foi avaliada pela inibição do crescimento micelial (boscalida, carbendazim, ciproconazol, fluopiram, fluxapiroxada, protioconazol e tiofanato-metílico) ou inibição da germinação de esporos (azoxistrobina, picoxistrobina, piraclostrobina e trifloxistrobina). Além disso, a eficácia de cinco fungicidas para controlar mancha-alvo foi testada em quatro ensaios no campo, conduzidos durante três safras: 2011/2012, 2012/2013 e 2013/2014. Os isolados do fungo foram coletados de plantas de soja em diversas regiões produtoras de soja do Brasil. A concentração efetiva para inibir o crescimento micelial ou a germinação dos esporos em 50% (EC 50 ), para cada fungicida, foi calculada para todos os isolados. Fluxapiroxada e protioconazol proporcionaram as Teramoto, A.; Meyer, M.C.; Suassuna, N.D.; Cunha, M.G. Sensibilidade de Corynespora cassiicola isolado de soja a fungicidas in vitro e controle químico de mancha-alvo da soja no campo. Summa Phytopathologica, v.43, n.4, p.281-289, 2017. maiores inibições de crescimento micelial do patógeno e piraclostrobina a menor porcentagem de germinação de esporos, com o...

-Development of leaf spots resistant runner peanut cultivars is one of the major demands in

Cotton leafroll dwarf virus (CLRDV) is an emerging virus in cotton production in Georgia and several other Southeastern states in the USA. To better understand the genetic diversity of the virus population, the near complete genome sequences of six isolates from Georgia and one from Alabama were determined. The isolates sequenced were 5,866 nucleotides with seven open reading frames (ORFs). The isolates from Georgia were >94% identical with other isolates from the USA and South America. In the silencing suppressor protein (P0), at amino acid position 72, the isolates from Georgia and Alabama had a valine (V), similar to resistant-breaking ‘atypical’ genotypes in South America, while the Texas isolate had isoleucine (I), similar to the more aggressive ‘typical’ genotypes of CLRDV. At position 120, arginine (R) is unique to Georgia and China isolates, but absent in Alabama, Texas and South American isolates. Ten potential recombinant events were detected in the isolates sequenced. An increased understanding of CLRDV population structure and genetic diversity will help develop management strategies for CLRDV in the USA cotton belt.

Figure 1A). The internal tissues were brown, surrounded by a reddish border ( Figure 1B). After two to three months the rot can spread into the entire region below the meristem, making it appear soaked with water. The leaves turn yellow and collapse when the bole is completely rotten. Disease incidence can vary from 5% to 40% in the production areas. To determine disease etiology, margin fragments from affected bole tissues were cut, disinfected in 1% sodium hypochlorite for 1 minute, rinsed in sterile water and plated on PDA (Potato -Dextrose -Agar) medium. The colonies were initially white, but turned o C under the pathogen as Tiegh. (Thom & Raper, 1945. conidial heads were initially radiate, splitting into columns at smooth, hyaline, becoming darker at the apex with a globose 3-5 µm in diameter. The pathogenicity test was done by inoculating the bole of sisal plants with a conidial suspension adjusted to 3.0 x 10 5 spores/mL of three isolates of (CNPA 0020, CNPA 0021, CNPA 0036). Inoculation was performed on wounded and unwounded eight-months-old sisal basal leaves, using a cotton swab soaked in conidial suspension. The wound was made by cutting sisal basal leaves with a sterilized scalpel. The controls were sisal plants inoculated with a cotton swab soaked in distilled water. After inoculation the plants were placed in a growth chamber for four days at 25±2 o C and relative humidity between 95 and 100%. After this period the plants were placed in a greenhouse for ten days, where the After one month, sisal plants were transversally cut and typical symptoms were observed ( Figure 1E

Cotton leafroll dwarf disease (CLRDD) caused by cotton leafroll dwarf virus (CLRDV) is an emerging threat to cotton production in the United States. The disease was first reported in Alabama in 2017 and subsequently has been reported in 10 other cotton producing states in the United States, including Georgia. A field study was conducted at field sites near Tifton, Georgia in 2019 and 2020 to evaluate leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and leaf temperature responses for a symptomatic cultivar (diseased plants observed at regular frequency) at multiple stages of disease progression and for asymptomatic cultivars (0% disease incidence observed). Disease-induced reductions in net photosynthetic rate (An, decreased by 63–101%), stomatal conductance (gs, decreased by 65–99%), and efficiency of the thylakoid reactions (32–92% decline in primary photochemistry) were observed, whereas leaf temperature significantly increased by 0.5–3.8°C at advanced stages of the disease. Net photosynthesis was substantially more sensitive to disease-induced declines in gs than the thylakoid reactions. Symptomatic plants with more advanced disease stages remained stunted throughout the growing season, and yield was reduced by 99% by CLRDD due to reductions in boll number per plant and declines in boll mass resulting from fewer seeds per boll. Asymptomatic cultivars exhibited more conservative gas exchange responses than apparently healthy plants of the symptomatic cultivar but were less productive. Overall, it is concluded that CLRDV limits stomatal conductance and photosynthetic activity of individual leaves, causing substantial declines in productivity for individual plants. Future studies should evaluate the physiological contributors to genotypic variation in disease tolerance under controlled conditions.