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Objective: To standardize the protocol for rapid callogenesis in Mussaenda frondosa L. using leaf explants. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of leaf, stem, and callus cultures. Methods:The leaf explants were inoculated onto Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with varying concentrations of growth regulators such as 2, 4-D, NAA, benzylaminopurine, Kn for the induction of callus. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of total phenol, flavonoid and alkaloid contents of leaf, stem, and callus were tested by standard methods. The antioxidant activities were investigated using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging method and reducing power assay. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by membrane stabilizing activity.Results: Pale green, healthy, friable, and fast growing callus were obtained on the medium enriched with NAA (2 mg/l)+Kn (4 mg/l). Quantitative determination showed the highest concentration of total phenolics in the methanolic extract of in vitro grown callus (10±1.1 mg of GA/g of extract), flavonoids in methanolic stem extract (137±1.6 mg of quercitin/g of extract) and alkaloids in methanolic extract of leaf (118.3±1.5 mg/10 g of extract). The methanolic leaf extract exhibited the highest free radical scavenging activity with an inhibitory concentration 50% (IC 50 ) value of 40.6±10.06 μg/ml. The highest membrane stabilizing activity was shown by chloroform extract of the leaf (66.02%). Conclusion:This preliminary phytochemical and pharmacological analysis may form the basis for drug development in future using callus cultures of M. frondosa.

Protein phosphorylation is a major post-translational modification, regulating protein function, stability, and subcellular localization. To date, annotated phosphorylation data are available mainly for model organisms and humans, despite the economic importance of crop species and their large kinomes. Our understanding of the phosphoregulation of flowering in relation to the biology and interaction between the pollen and pistil is still significantly lagging, limiting our knowledge on kinase signalling and its potential applications to crop production. To address this gap, we bring together relevant literature that were previously disconnected to present an overview of the roles of phosphoproteomic signalling pathways in modulating molecular and cellular regulation within specific tissues at different morphological stages of flowering. This review is intended to stimulate research, with the potential to increase crop productivity by providing a platform for novel molecular tools.

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