Four experiments were conducted with 730 weanling pigs to determine the effects of soy protein concentrate (SPC) in diets for weanling pigs. Experimental diets were fed from d 0 to 14 postweaning and a common diet was fed from d 15 to 28 for Exp. 1, 2, and 3; experimental diets were fed from d 0 to 7 postweaning in Exp. 4. In Exp. 1, the 4 experimental diets included 1) a 0% soybean meal (SBM) diet containing animal protein sources; 2) a 40% SBM diet; or a 28.55% SPC (replacing the 40% SBM on a total Lys basis) diet from 3) source 1, or 4) source 2. Pigs fed diets containing either animal protein or 40% SBM had greater ADG and ADFI (P <0.05) than pigs fed either SPC source. In Exp. 2, the 5 experimental treatments included diets 2, 3, and 4 from Exp. 1, along with 14.28% SPC from each SPC source used in Exp. 1 (replacing half of the total Lys from the 40% SBM diet). From d 0 to 14 and d 0 to 28, the SPC source x level interaction was significant for ADG (P <0.01) and was a tendency for ADFI (P <0.07). Replacing SBM with SPC from source 1 did not affect pig performance. However, replacing SBM with SPC from source 2 resulted in an improvement (quadratic, P <0.05) in ADG for pigs fed the diet containing 14.3% SPC, but resulted in no benefit from replacing all the SBM with SPC. Replacing SBM with SPC from either source improved G:F (quadratic, P <0.01), with the greatest G:F observed for pigs fed the diets with 14.3% SPC. Experiment 3 evaluated increasing levels of source 2 SPC, with treatments consisting of 1) 0% (40% SBM); 2) 7.14%; 3) 14.28%; 4) 21.42%; and 5) 28.55% SPC. There was a tendency for increased ADG (quadratic, P <0.06) and increased ADFI (quadratic, P <0.04) as inclusion of SPC in the diet increased. The gain-to-feed ratio improved (linear, P <0.01) as the SPC level in the diet increased. Inclusion of approximately 14 to 21% SPC from source 2 maximized pig performance. In Exp. 4, pigs were offered a choice of consuming the diets containing 40% SBM or 28.6% SPC from source 2. Daily feed intake was greater (P <0.0001) for the SBM diet (186 g/d) than for the SPC diet (5 g/d). Our results suggest that replacing a portion, but not all, of the high-SBM diet with SPC from source 2, but not from source 1, improves pig performance. The poor intake of pigs fed high levels of SPC may indicate a palatability problem, thus limiting its inclusion in nursery pig diets.

An experiment was conducted over 7 mo (January to July 2003) to evaluate fecal bacteria and nutrient concentrations in soil surrounding round-bale feeders at 10 winter feeding sites. Soil samples 15 cm in depth were taken monthly from each site at distances of 3, 12, 21, and 30 m from the feeder. Soil samples were taken before livestock access to the sites (January), during the feeding period (February, March, and April), and after cattle removal from the sites (May, June, and July). Results indicated that fecal bacteria concentrations increased over the feeding period and were greatest at close proximity to round-bale feeders. Fecal Escherichia coli concentrations were greater in April (P < 0.03) at 3 and 12 m than in all other months, except March. At 21 and 30 m from the feeders, fecal E. coli concentrations were greater in April (P < 0.01) than in other months. At 3 m from the feeder, fecal Streptococci concentrations were greater in March and April (P < 0.01) than in other months. Although fecal E. coli concentrations in July had returned to levels similar to those in the prefeeding period, fecal Streptococci remained at higher concentrations (P < 0.05) than at the prefeeding period. The concentration of soil P at 3 m was greater in April (P < 0.02) than in January, February, and May. After cattle access to the sites, soil DM content was consistently less for samples taken at 3 m from the feeder compared with the other distances, with quadratic decreases (P < 0.02) noted in March, April, and July, and linear decreases (P < 0.01) in May and June, as distance from the feeder decreased.

Evaluation of the optimal true-ileal-digestible lysine and threonine requirement for nursery pigs Abstract A total of 1800 pigs (Exp 1, 360; Exp. 2, 1440) were used in two experiments to evaluate the true ileal digestible (TID) lysine and threonine requirement for 24-to 44-lb pigs. In Exp. 1, there were eight pens per treatment, with five pigs (Genetiporc, initially 23.6 lb and 34 d of age) per pen. Experiment 1 was conducted as a combination of two separate trials to simultaneously examine both the TID lysine and threonine requirement, and hence, determine the appropriate threonine-to-lysine ratio. The first part of the trial consisted of five treatments formulated to contain 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, or 1.3% TID lysine, with TID threonine at 66% of lysine. The second part consisted of five treatments formulated to 1.3% TID lysine with increasing TID threonine (0.60, 0.66, 0.73, 0.79, or 0.85%). Other amino acids were formulated to either meet or exceed requirement estimates, thereby ensuring lysine and threonine were first limiting. The highest concentrations of both lysine and threonine (1.3% and 0.85%, respectively) were combined in a single diet, which was used in both trials, to give a total of 10 treatments. From d 0 to 17, ADG and feed efficiency (F/G) improved as TID lysine (quadratic, P<0.02) and threonine (ADG, linear, P<0.03; F/G, quadratic, P<0.04) increased. Regression analysis showed that 95% or more of the maximum response was obtained at a TID threonine-tolysine ratio of approximately 64% for ADG and 66% for F/G. In Exp. 2, there were 48 pigs per experimental unit (2 pens sharing a fenceline feeder) and six replications per treatment. Pigs (PIC, 24 lb and 39 d of age) were fed experimental diets containing 1.1% TID lysine (calculated to be less than their requirement estimate), with added Lthreonine to give TID threonine concentrations of 0.55, 0.60, 0.66, 0.72, or 0.77% and TID threonine-to-lysine ratios of 50, 55, 60, 65, and 70%. For the 21-d trial, ADG (quadratic, P<0.07) and F/ G (quadratic, P<0.01) improved with increasing TID threonine. The best ADG and F/G were observed at 0.72% TID threonine. Hence, it seems that pigs weighing between 22 and 44 lb require approximately 0.72% TID threonine (0.81% total threonine) when fed 1.1% TID lysine, which corresponds to a TID threoninetolysine ratio of 65%, similar to results in Exp. 1. Data from these two studies indicate an optimal TID threonine-to-lysine ratio of approximately 64 to 66% for 24-to 44-lb pigs. SummaryA total of 1800 pigs (Exp 1, 360; Exp. 2, 1440) were used in two experiments to evaluate the true ileal digestible (TID) lysine and threonine requirement for 24-to 44-lb pigs. In Exp. 1, there were eight pens per treatment, with five pigs (Genetiporc, initially 23.6 lb and 34 d of age) per pen. Experiment 1 was conducted as a combination of two separate trials to simultaneously examine both the TID lysine and threonine requirement, and hence, determine the appropriate threonine-to-lysine ratio. The first part of the trial consisted of five...

A large increase in the number of ethanol plants has lead to increased availability of dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS). New plants also have improved processing techniques, which makes DDGS more attractive to use in swine diets. Two experiments were conducted to determine the energy value of DDGS. In Experiment 1, 360 pigs (each initially 38.5 lb) were used in a 22 d growth assay. Treatments consisted of five corn-soybean meal-based diets with added wheat bran or soy oil to provide five different energy densities ranging from 1,390 to 1,604 Kcal/lb ME. The objective was to use responses to the wide range of energy densities to calculate an energy value for two sources of DDGS. Because it is speculated that newer ethanol plants produce a better quality DDGS than older plants, we selected one relatively new plant in Minnesota, and a second, older plant in Nebraska as separate sources of DDGS. Pigs were fed four additional diets, including either 15 or 30% DDGS from one of the two different sources. For the overall 22 d study, increasing energy increased ADG (linear; P<0.01), reduced ADFI (linear; P< 0.01), and improved F/G (linear; P<0.01). Because of the linear response to increasing energy in our five basal diets, the F/G of pigs fed the diets containing DDGS could be compared to the F/G of the control diets. Thus, we estimated the ME of 1,586 and 1,419 kcal ME/lb for the Minnesota and Nebraska DDGS sources, respectively. In Experiment 2, eight barrows (each initially 98.3 lb) were used in a Latin square design to determine the ME of the two DDGS sources used in Experiment 1. Diets were made up of 97% DDGS supplemented with crystalline amino acids, vitamins, and minerals to meet or exceed the pigs’ nutrient requirements. There were no differences (P>0.49) for any growth traits; however, estimated digestible energy (DE) (1,756 vs. 1,691; P<0.02) and ME values (1,677 vs. 1,627; P<0.05) were greater than calculated in the growth trial. The results of these two studies with the same batches of DDGS suggest possible variation in the energy value of DDGS based on how it is measured. In a nutrient balance study where pigs are individually fed a limited amount of feed, ME values were estimated to be higher than predicted from extrapolating our results from a growth trial. This leads us to speculate that in the growth trial, the decrease in ADFI and improvement in F/G observed from increasing DDGS may not have been a result of its increased energy content, but rather a palatability problem. Therefore, while it appears that the ME content of DDGS produced from relatively new processing plants appears to be comparable to that of corn, palatability problems may affect performance of pigs fed diets containing DDGS. Therefore, producers should exercise caution and evaluate potential variation and palatability before incorporating DDGS into their nutrition programs.; Swine Day,

A total of 276 pigs (initially 21.9 lb) was used to determine the effects of added Hemicell® on growth performance. Hemicell® is a patented fermentation product of Bacillus lentus. The active ingredient in the fermentation product is β-mannanase. However, other enzymes such as amylase, xylanase, cellulases, and α-galactosidase also are present. It is claimed that Hemicell® degrades β-mannan in feed, thus, removing its effects as an antinutritive factor in swine diets. Dietary treatments were arranged as a 2 x 3 factorial, with or without 0.05% Hemicell®, in diets with 3 levels of energy density (1,388, 1,488, 1,588 ME, kcal/lb). The 100 kcal increments were achieved by the addition of wheat bran or soy oil to a corn-soybean meal based diet. The addition of Hemicell® to the diets, regardless of energy level, did not lead to an improvement in growth performance in these late nursery pigs. Increasing energy density of the diet, however, resulted in an improved

The optimal true ileal digestible lysine and threonine requirement for nursery pigs The optimal true ileal digestible lysine and threonine requirement for nursery pigs between 25 and 55 lb between 25 and 55 lb

Three experiments were conducted using 486 weanling pigs (216 in Experiment 1; 210 in Experiment 2; 60 in Experiment 3) to determine the effects of different soy protein concentrate (SPC) sources on growth performance. Soy protein concentrate source 1 is dried with a torus disk following the concentration of soy proteins. This drying procedure will generate some degree of heat and possibly mechanical forces somewhat similar to extrusion processing (Soycomil P®, ADM). Soy protein concentrate source 2 is dried by a different process, and then it is moist extruded (Profine E, Central Soya). Therefore, the objective of our study was to determine the relative feeding value of the different SPC sources compared with a complex diet containing milk and other specialty proteins (no soy protein), or a diet containing 40% soybean meal. In Experiment 1, each SPC source (28.6%) replaced all the soybean meal (SBM) in the control diet on a lysine basis. Pigs fed the diet containing 40% SBM had similar performance to pigs fed the milk-protein based diet from d 0 to 14. Pigs fed either SPC source had lower ADG and ADFI compared to pigs fed either the diet containing 40% SBM or the milkprotein based diet. Pigs fed the diet containing 40% SBM and SPC from source 2 had better F/G than pigs fed the milk-protein based diet or SPC from source 1. In Experiment 2, either all or half of the soybean meal was replaced by the 28.6 or 14.3% SPC from source 1 and 2. From d 0 to 14 and d 0 to 28, an SPC source by level interaction was observed for ADG (P<0.01) and ADFI (P<0.07). Replacing soybean meal with SPC from source 1 did not influence pig performance. However, replacing soybean meal with SPC from source 2 resulted in a quadratic (P<0.05) improvement in ADG with performance being improved for the diet containing 14.3% SPC, but no benefit to replacing all the soybean meal with SPC. Replacing soybean meal with SPC from either source influenced feed efficiency in a quadratic (P<0.01) manner with feed efficiency being optimal for pigs consuming the diet with half the soybean meal replaced by SPC. Because replacing all of the soybean meal with SPC reduced ADFI in Experiments 1 and 2, we hypothesized that pigs may not prefer the taste of a diet with a high inclusion rate of SPC (28.6%). To test this theory, a 7-day preference test was conducted to determine feed intake of weanling pigs provided the option of consuming diets containing either 40% soybean meal or 28.6% SPC (from source 2). Average daily feed intake was 0.41 and 0.01 lb for the 40% soybean meal and 28.6% soy protein concentrate diets, respectively (P<0.0001). The poor intake of the SPC diet may indicate a palatability problem when high levels of SPC are included in the diet. Our results suggest replacing a portion of the soybean meal in the diet with SPC from source 2 improves ADG and feed efficiency; however, high levels (28.6%) of SPC should not be included in the diet.; Swine Day, 2003, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2003

An experiment was conducted over seven months (January to July 2003) to evaluate fecal bacteria and nutrient concentrations in soil surrounding round bale feeders at winter feeding sites. Six-inch soil samples were taken each month from a total of ten feeding sites, at distances of 10, 40, 70, and 100 feet from each feeder. Soil samples were taken before (January) livestock access to the sites, during (February, March, and April) the feeding period, and after (May, June, and July) cattle had been removed from the sites. Results indicate that fecal bacteria concentrations increased over the duration of feeding period and were greatest at close proximity to round bale feeders. The data suggest that environmental contamination due to fecal bacteria in the soil can occur up to 100 feet from the feeding site. For soil nutrients, the greatest increase generally occurred at 10 feet from the feeders, with few differences thereafter.