Bacterial cellulose (BC) based on sago liquid waste has been developed to be used as food packaging. This study investigated the physicochemical and mechanical properties of modified BC film and its application as food packaging. The modified BC film performed carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a stabilizer and glycerol as a plasticizer. Films were prepared by casting technique using BC as the primary material and composites with various concentrations of CMC and glycerol (0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%, v/v). BC film was applied as the packaging of meat sausage, and the quality of meat sausage was measured based on weight loss, moisture content, pH, protein content, and total microbial count. The addition of CMC and glycerol influences the physical and mechanical properties of BC composites film. The best mechanical properties of edible BC film were collected by adding 1% CMC and 1% glycerol with a tensile strength of 17.47 MPa, elongation at a break of 25.60%, and Young’s modulus of 6.54 GPa. FTIR analysis showed the characteristic bands of BC, and the addition of CMC and glycerol slightly changed the FTIR spectrum of the composites. The utilization of modified BC-based sago liquid waste film as the packaging of meat sausage could maintain sausage quality during 6 days of storage at room temperature. Therefore, edible BC film has the potential to be used as food packaging.
Lignin from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) has been degraded using ilmenite mineral (FeO.TiO2). The FeO.TiO2 was examined for antibacterial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, S. typhi, and X. oryzae. It was extracted from iron sands by a magnetic separator and pre-oxidized at 800ºC for 5 hours. Meanwhile, OPEFB was prepared with a pretreatment process using 10% NaOH solution to damage ester bonds between lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose. Furthermore, the lignin was degraded by using FeO.TiO2 catalyst with the study of catalyst mass, degradation time, and lignin concentration variation. Based on XRF and XRD data indicated that the pre-oxidation result of iron sand was contained Fe2O3 (hematite) and FeO.TiO2 minerals with the highest dominant of Fe content in the sample. The result of lignin photodegradation using FeO.TiO2 catalyst showed that the lignin-derived compound obtained was Coniveryl Alcohol (C10H12O3). Antibacterial activity test against 4 bacterial samples i.e E. coli, S. aureus, S. typhi, and X. oryzae showed that each test has good activity in inhibiting bacteria with a range of inhibiting diameter zone between ±20 nm. Based on this study provides that lignin-derived compounds from OPEFB can be used as a natural antibacterial.
Three microalgae isolates from Wakatobi waters collected by LIPI have been cultivated, ie LIPI 13-2-AL018, LIPI 13-3-AL066, and LIPI 13-2-AL072. Furthermore, the isolates were grown to create a growth curve, this is to determine the harvest time of biomass. Each isolate had different biomass harvest times: LIPI 13-2-AL018 and LIPI 13-2-AL072 isolates were harvested on the 14th day, while LIPI 13-2-AL066 on day 12. After harvesting, the biomass was dried, destroyed the cell wall with sonicator. Extraction of secondary metabolite compounds was performed using three types of solvents, namely: ethanol, ethanol + n-hexane (1: 1), and diethyl ether. Based on the results of inhibition testing of tyrosinase it was found that the biggest inhibition was derived from extract of LIPI-13-2-AL066 isolate, using ethanol-hexane solvent.
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