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Abstract-The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was one of the most devastating tsunamis in world history. The tsunami caused damage to most of the Asian and other countries bordering the Indian Ocean. After a decade, reconstruction has been completed with different levels of tsunami countermeasures in most areas; however, some land use planning using probabilistic tsunami hazard maps and vulnerabilities should be addressed to prepare for future tsunamis. Examples of early-stage reconstruction are herein provided alongside a summary of some of the major tsunamis that have occurred since 2004, revealing the tsunami countermeasures established during the reconstruction period. Our primary objective is to report on and discuss the vulnerabilities found during our field visits to the tsunami-affected countries-namely, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and the Maldives. For each country, future challenges based on current tsunami countermeasures, such as land use planning, warning systems, evacuation facilities, disaster education and disaster monuments are explained. The problem of traffic jams during tsunami evacuations, especially in well-known tourist areas, was found to be the most common problem faced by all of the countries. The readiness of tsunami warning systems differed across the countries studied. These systems are generally sufficient on a national level, but local hazards require greater study. Disaster reduction education that would help to maintain high tsunami awareness is well established in most countries. Some geological evidence is well preserved even after a decade. Conversely, the maintenance of monuments to the 2004 tsunami appears to be a serious problem. Finally, the reconstruction progress was evaluated based on the experiences of disaster reconstruction in Japan. All vulnerabilities discussed here should be addressed to create longterm, disaster-resilient communities.

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Tsunami evacuation simulation combining tsunami inundation simulation and people evacuation simulation was applied to the western half of tsunami-prone area of Banda Aceh and its use for tsunami disaster education and city planning was studied in cooperation with school teachers and city office personnel. People evacuation was simulated based on multiagent simulation handling over 20,000 agent models, including walking family, motorcycle, and automobile agents. Agent ratios and their basic responses were defined in a survey of mass evacuation in Meulaboh, Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, triggered by the May 7, 2010, earthquake. Tsunami inundation simulation theoretically replicated the 2004 great Indian Ocean tsunami as developed by Professor Shunichi Koshimura of Tohoku University who used a sophisticated source model. Several simulations were developed using different scenarios such as evacuation start timing, automobile evacuation ratios, and evacuee destinations. Simulations were shown to Banda Aceh school students and instructors and to municipal office personnel. Based on their evaluations, the tsunami evacuation simulation proved to be effective in disaster education and city planning and was improved by their suggestions. We plan to expand the simulation area to the eastern half of Banda Aceh for practical use.

The purpose of this study is to apply the analysis of spatial patterns of earthquakes in the province of Aceh by detecting clusters and looking for spatial patterns locally and globally during the period 1921-2014 using GIS (Geographic Information System). The selected techniques are Average Nearest Neighbor, Moran Global Index, the Getis-Ord General G, Anselin Local Moran Index, the Getis-Ord Gi*, and Kernel Density Estimation. Each technique is implemented using GIS so that calculations can be done efficiently and quickly. The results of this study indicate that (1) The techniques can detect clusters of dots on the spatial pattern of earthquakes; (2) Both globally and locally, it shows that earthquakes clustered in the southwestern heading to the northern part of the province; (3) An earthquake with a greater magnitude generally concentrated in the district of Simeulue, the western part of Aceh Besar and northwest of Sabang

The Indian Ocean Tsunami on 26th December 2004, had caused devastation on land and coastal ecosystems. One of the worst affected ecosystems is the mangrove forest. Many areas of mangrove forest have been destroyed, and it may pose a long-term impact for the region, both in terms of forest and biodiversity conservation and in terms of the ability of the ecosystem to support the livelihoods of the coastal communities. The tragedy of tsunami has requested the rationale for conserving and sustainably managing natural ecosystems among the researchers and scientific community. The research was carried out to make a post-tsunami damage assessment and recovery of mangrove forest in Banda Aceh city area. Several high-resolution satellite imageries data have been effectively used to detect, assess and monitor the changes of mangrove forests in the pre and post-tsunami period using multi-temporal optical satellite data. An on-screen visual interpretation was made to identify the heterogeneous patches for the preliminary classification of fieldwork. A supervised classification was performed to obtain the pre and post Tsunami assessment maps. Accuracy assessment of the classified maps was performed on pixel-level using ground truth. The result highlighted the changes in the spatial extent of the mangrove forests in the study area as a result of Tsunami disaster. The latest condition of the mangrove forest recovery is about 90.3% of the total damage area.

The objective of the present study was to study the diversity of marine macroinvertebrates in coral reef area in Aceh Besar waters. This research was conducted in September 2012 until February 2013in nine locations in the waters of Aceh Besar district, namely: AmatRamanyang, Lampuuk, PulauDituan, LhokKetapang, LhokSeudu 1, LhokSeudu 2, Deudap 1, Deudap 2, and Lamteung. The macroinvertebrates were recorded using three repeated 20 m belt transect in two different depths (2-4 m and 4-8 m) in each site. The result showed 46 species of macroinvertebratesbelonging toseven phyla were recorded. The diversity index in research station ranged between 0.88 - 2.26 (low to medium category).