The purpose of this research was to evaluate the growth phase of orchid Vanda hybrid (Vanda limbata Blume X Vanda tricolor Lindl. var. suavis) response with colchicines treatment, to determine precise effective concentration of colchicines and duration of treatment to induce polyploidy. This research used variation of colchicines concentration which were 0.01%; 0.05%; 0.1%; 0.5%; 1% and 0% and incubation for 6 hours; 12 hours; 18 hours; 24 hours; and 4 days. Treatment was done in aseptic condition using protocorm aged 7 week after sowing. After treatments, plants were planted on Vacint and Went (VW) medium supplemented with of 150 ml/l coconut water. After four months, plants were subcultured in medium VW + 150 ml/l + 150g/l banana extract. The results showed that the orchid Vanda hybrid was intolerant to colchicine concentration of 0.1; 0.5 and 1% by death protocorm was more than 50%. Concentration of 0,5% with 6 hours soaking time is the most effective to induced tetraploid in orchid Vanda hybrid. Morphological characters of tetraploid plantlets had lower average number and length of roots, number, length, and width of leaves than those of control. Anatomical characters of tetraploid plantlets revealed the highest stomatal size and had smaller of stomatal index than controls. This evident indicated a negative correlation between stomatal index and ploidy level. Cytological analysis with flow cytometry revealed that tetraploid plantlets (2n=4x=76) stained with DAPI showed the chromosome number more than those of control (2n=2x=38).

Corn is an important crop after rice. Tompobulu sub-district, Maros, South Sulawesi has a wide marginal land expected to contribute to corn development. One of main pests is Ostrinia furnacalis. Beauveria bassiana Vuill is an effective biological control agent as it can be associated with part of plants as endophyte. The study focused on the effect of seed submersion mixed with liquid compost into marginal land. Corn seeds were planted in each plot with a depth of 5 cm and each hole was planted with 1 seed with a spacing of 75 x 20 cm. The fungal isolation was obtained from inoculum cadaver larvae of O. furnacalis purified on initial agar medium and propagated on corn medium. The trials were designed with a randomized block design (RBD) consisting of 6 trials (Bisi-2 seeds soaked in aquades (A); Srikandi seeds soaked in aquades (B); Bisi-2 seeds soaked in B. bassiana 106 spore/ml suspension for 24 hours (C); Srikandi seeds soaked in B. bassiana suspension 106 spores/ml for 24 hours (D); Seeds of Bisi-2 soaked in suspension B. bassiana 106 spores/ml for 24 hours + liquid fertilizer (E); and Srikandi seeds soaked in B. bassiana 106 spore/ml suspension for 24 hours + liquid fertilizer (F). The highest population of larvae and pupae of O. furnacalis in treatment B was 8.35 and the lowest population in treatment E was 3.05. There were no larvae infected by B. bassiana fungus in the treatment of seeds soaked with distilled water. However, larvae infected with B. bassiana fungus was found in the treatment of seeds soaked in B. bassiana suspension 106 spores/ml or added with watering liquid fertilizer. The highest weight of seed weight in Bisi-2 seeds soaked with suspension B. bassiana 106 spores/ml.

Blast disease caused by Pyricularia oryzae is one of the major rice diseases affecting rice output in Indonesia causing a 90% reduction in yield. This study aimed to determine the distribution of Pyricularia oryzae virulence pathotypes (races) in several South Sulawesi regencies. The P. oryzae races were determined in the Green House using 7 rice differential varieties: Asahan, Cisokan, IR 64, Krueng Aceh, Cisadane, Cisanggarung, and Kencana Bali. A total of 72 P. oryzae isolates from Maros, Gowa, Bone, and Pinrang Regencies were tested. The IRRI evaluation standard assessed the disease intensity seven days after inoculation. There were a total of 24 race compositions of P. oryzae were discovered based on the reactions of different rice varieties. However, only two races were dominant. Race 001 was dominant among Pinrang and Maros isolates, whereas race 020 was dominant in Bone and Gowa. Based on this result, monitoring of disease severity and the dynamics of P. oryzae population race structures is important for the breeding and rational distribution of resistant rice varieties.

Cocoa is an important commodity boosting national economy especially as a provider of employment, a source of income and foreign exchange. Organic cocoa cultivation can reduce production costs and benefit farmers. Farmers do not need to use inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. One of the problems faced in cocoa cultivation includes pest attacks that play a role in causing a decrease in productivity of cocoa plantations. Types of natural enemies such as insects can also play a role as biological control (a predator for other insects) that is able to suppress plant insect pest populations. The study aims to determine the type and number of arthropods found in cocoa plants that are managed organically and inorganically. The study was conducted in cocoa plantation area of Gantarang Keke Sub-district, Bantaeng District. Area of organic and inorganic cocoa plantations is ± 1 Ha. Determination of sample plants was carried out randomly using diagonal method, which was 5 replications and in each replication were 5 cocoa plants. Sampling technique is done by net method for plants that are around the plant and Pitfall traps for soil arthropods. Arthropods that were caught were then identified. Data analysis uses statistical t-test. The results showed that in organic cocoa plants, total arthropods population was 50% higher compared to inorganic cocoa farms. Arthropods that are active at soil surface are more commonly found in organic farms, namely order Hymenoptera, Formicidae family which acts as a predator.

Research on the characterization of stromata leaves of herbal plants Andredera cordifolia and Gratophyllum pictum in Makassar. This study aims to determine the morphological structure of leaves and stomata leaves that are used as herbal plants. Stomata data was used by acetone to get stomata mold, the data were analyzed descriptively. The result of research show that Andredera cordifolia are anisocytic stomata type, 30 stomata/mm2 abaxial stomata, 512 epidermis/mm2 and 368 epidermis/mm2 abaxial, potato stomata spreading in both leaf surface, bigger abaxial stomata size 887,330 μm , longest abaxial stomata greater than 25 μm and 8.0% stomata index. Gratophyllum pictum type stomata diasistik, stomata number 292 stomata/mm2, number of epidermis adaxial 1400 epidermis/mm2 and abaxial 1080 epidermis/mm2, apple stomata spread, staple abaxial smaller size 682,560 μm, and stomata index 21,3%.

Efforts to increase rice productivity in Indonesia are still constrained by attacks of plant pest organisms which cause low crop productivity. Diseases that often attack rice plantations include blast and leaf blight disease. Blast is caused by a fungus Magnaporthe grisea Cav. While leaf blight is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae (Xoo). There are isolates of bacterial that have ability to provide resistance to disease attacks on plants, one of which is Paenybacillus polymixa. Based on this study, the aim of this study was to determine the ability of P. polymixa isolates in controlling the attack of Xanthomonas and fungi Magnaporthe grisea in vitro. The research stage is a test of bacterial inhibition of Xoo and M. grisea. The inhibition zone index in the antagonist test for Xoo pathogens in MO Plus was higher than P. polymixa. MO Plus inhibition zone index 1.87 while P. polymixa is only 1.20 at 7 days after incubation. P. polymixa bacteria have the highest index in inhibiting P. oryzae, which is 57.02. While the MO Plus inhibition index is 21.12.

Indonesia has an abundant production of fruits and vegetables that can satisfy the demands of domestic and export markets. One of the most serious problems in fruit exports is the damage and contamination caused by fruit fly attacks to horticultural produce. Taiwan government rejects 13 types of fruit and vegetable commodities from Indonesia due to infestation by several species of fruit fly, including Bactrocera papayae, B. zonata, and B. musae. The research was carried out in Turikale, Maros District, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Various fruits and vegetables serving as hosts of fruit flies, including Capsicum annum (chilli), Solanum lycopersium (tomato), Avverhoa carambola (star fruit), Psidium guajava (guava), Artocarpus heterophylllus (jackfruit), are cultivated in the area. The study was initiated to identify the fruit fly species associated with vegetable and fruit crops in the study site. Fruits and vegetables attacked by fruit flies were collected from the field and then separately kept in plastic containers in the laboratory until the adults emerged. The emerging flies were identified under a dissecting microscope based on the identification keys. Five species of fruit flies belonging to the Genus Bactorcera emerged from the collected fruits and vegetables, namely:

Bacterial ring rot caused by a gram-positive Coryneform bacterium C.m subsp. sepedonicus is an important disease in potato crops in the world. The disease is until now still belong to an A1 quarantine pathogen in Indonesia, although it was found in West Java since 2013. The objective of this study was to know the presence of bacterial ring rot in four potato district areas in South Sulawesi. Diseased samples were conducted from potato fields and storage warehouses in Enrekang, Gowa, Jeneponto and Bantaeng. Potato tuber samples were cutted and observed their vasiculer vessels and then isolated and grown the bacteria on NA and NBY media. Bacterial isolates were morphological and physiological characterized as well as patogenicity on eggplant and PCR test using specific primer for Cms 50F and Cms 50R. The results showed that Cms has become widespread in four districs in South Sulawesi. The disease incidence of bacterial ringrot in these districs reached above 30 %. All of 14 isolates were obtained from the results of a standard methods for identification (EPPO, 2006) showed that the presence of DNA band size of 224 bp, which indicated positively belong to C.michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus.