Our study suggests that Ptx has a prophylactic effect on the radiation complications. This can be explained by protective effect of Ptx against vascular pathology.

This study was carried out to determine total kid productivity and total efficiency in Saanen and Bornova goats. Gestation productivity and gestation efficiency for Saanen and Bornova goats were 591 kg and 454 kg; 10.19 kg and 8.74 kg respectively. The effect of genotype on gestation productivity and gestation efficiency for Saanen and Bornova were found significant (P<0.05). Total kid productivity and total efficiency for Saanen and Bornova goats were 4337.39 kg and 3163.72 kg; 29.11 kg and 28.71 kg respectively.

The incidence of PANDO may not be directly related to paranasal abnormalities. Further large-scale studies should be performed to clarify the relationship between paranasal abnormalities and PANDO.

No abstract

Soft tissue damages after radiotherapy are an uncommon but serious complication. Late damage after radiation is the principal dose-limiting factor in radiation therapy today and is dependent on vascular pathology as a result of radiation. Pentoxifylline is a methylxanthine derivative that produces dose-related improvement in blood flow, lower blood viscosity, improved erythrocyte flexibility, and increased tissue oxygen levels. An agent that increases blood flow and tissue oxygen content may contribute to enhanced healing of soft tissue pathology. Sixteen adult New Zealand rabbits were separated into 2 groups and inspected for 30 weeks after radiation. We noted acute and chronic reactions and pathologic changes in different regions of the head and neck of rabbits. The prophylactic administration of pentoxifylline in the postirradiation period can reduce late soft tissue pathology, but it does not affect acute radiation reactions.

Leeches belong to the Annelida division, Clitellata class, Hirudinea subclass. Common species of leeches that infest humans are Dinobdella ferox, Hirudinea granulosa, and Hirundinea viridis [1]. A 72-year-old man, a cattle breeder, presented to the emergency room with hematemesis of 10 days' duration. He reported having drunk water from an open trough. He was conscious, and the physical examination findings were normal. He had a history of smoking 50 packs per year, but no co-morbidities or alcohol use. The hematology values at presentation were as follows: white cell count, 10 500/mm 3 ; hemoglobin, 11.7 g/dL; mean corpuscular volume, 85/μm 3 ; platelet count, 357 000/mm 3 . The next morning, the blood values were similar, without any significant changes. Endoscopic examination revealed several crater-type lesions that were slightly elevated from the mucosa, some of which were slowly bleeding. The lesions were located in the posterior wall of the oropharynx, root of the tongue, some parts of the esophagus, and the cardia region of the stomach. A careful endoscopic examination of the hypopharyngeal area revealed a live mobile organism, which was identified as a leech (• " Fig. 1, • " Fig. 2, • " Fig. 3). It was carefully removed with a surgical clamp. Follow-up blood tests revealed no significant changes in the hemoglobin values. Leeches are known to adhere to various regions of the body. They may cause anemia and various symptoms, such as hemoptysis, epistaxis, nasal congestion, stridor, headache, hematemesis, difficulty swallowing, and vaginal bleeding. When the trachea and bronchi are affected by bleeding, asphyxia and death can occur [2]. Death as a result of profuse bleeding after the removal of leeches has been recorded [3]. If a leech is located in the nasopharynx and can be seen with the naked eye, it may be easier and preferable to have an otolaryngologist remove it with a surgical clamp [4]. The consumption of water from unsafe sources can still be risky in some rural areas. When patients in rural areas present with upper gastrointestinal bleeding of unknown cause, the possibility of leech infestation should not be overlooked. Endoscopy_UCTN_Code_CCL_1AB_2ABCompeting interests: None

No abstract

Objective: Patients with sinus headaches usually complain of pain and pressure sensation around the sinuses and periorbital area; most are misdiagnosed with sinusitis and receive unnecessary treatment. This prospective study investigated the aetiology of sinus headache in patients with negative endoscopic or computed tomography (CT) scan findings. Methods: This multicentre study included patients who could be followed regularly after being admitted to otorhinolaryngology outpatient or emergency units due to sinus headache, in whom endoscopic and radiological examinations did not show sinonasal pathology. The study group comprised patients with primary headache, according to International Headache Society criteria. Participants were followed monthly for 3 months and treatment response was evaluated as complete remission, partial remission or no response. Results: The study included 98 patients. The main reason for diagnosing and treating sinus headaches that arose from neurovascular events was attributed to the accompanying symptoms, e.g. nasal obstruction, nasal discharge and sinus sensitivity. Conclusions: A better understanding of vascular event-derived headaches (especially migraine) and a detailed examination of patients via endoscopy and CT scanning are expected to minimize misdiagnosis rates, in patients with sinus headaches.