Aim this study was to determine the prevalence of brucellosis in various occupations in Northern State, Sudan, during 2012. A total of 753 serum samples (from 21 veterinarian, 39 meat inspectors, 407 abattoir workers and 286 animal handlers) in different localities were collected and screened for brucella antibodies by using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), Serum Agglutination Test (SAT) and 2 Mercaptoethanol Test(2MET). Then information's of occupation, age, sex, kind of work were recorded. Seroprevalence of brucellosis in veterinarians, meat inspectors, abattoir workers and animal handlers was 9.5%, 15.3%, 24.4% and 26.5% respectively. The variations in antibodies detected by RBPT, SAT and 2 ME test in the high risk individuals. Study documents the serological evidence of Br. abort infection in high risk groups in Northern State particularly in Sudan, where RBPT can be used successfully in hospitals as screening test.

The aim of this study was to investigate changes in hematological values after feeding diet mixed with oil pressed from seeds of Nigella sativa in sheep. The results indicated that there was no effect on the total Red Blood Cells (RBCs) count due to treatment when compared to the control group, but the treated group showed significant (P≤0.05) increase in the total RBCs count after six weeks compared to the transient decrease at week two. Hemoglobin concentration showed similar pattern to what was observed in the RBC count in both the treated and control groups. Packed Cells Volume (PCV), Mean Carpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Carpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) and Mean Carpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) weren't affected by feeding N. sativa oil to sheep throughout the experiment. However, there were significantly (p≤ 0.05) lower values in total mean of White Blood Cells (WBCs), lymphocytes and granulocytes of the treated group compared to the control. The levels of White Blood Cells in the treated group were not time dependent. The Monocytes total mean was similar in both groups but the cells were significantly (P≤0.05) lower in the N. sativa oil treated group compared to the control at week four. The hematological changes could be due to N. sativa volatile oils incorporated Original Research Article

This study consists of two parts; the Part one is to evaluate the level of Blood glucose and lipid profile among diabetic patients(121 patients) which are compared with non-diabetic subjects (60 persons) and part two is to correlate lipid profile with cardiovascular abnormalities among type II diabetic patients. The diabetic patients were collected from Jabir Aboeleiz Center for Diabetes (51.9±11.22 years). Sixty healthy non-diabetic subjects were chosen as controls (52.44±10.76years). Blood glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) were measured by enzymatic colorimetric methods in both groups, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) was calculated for each sample. Among diabetic patients, there is high glucose level, serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL cholesterol (p<0.5), while low level of HDL cholesterol was observed when compared to nondiabetic subjects. No statistically variation was found in the level of glucose and lipid profile between male and female diabetic patients. In our study, we have found that serum lipid -cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein -levels were significantly (p < 0.05) correlated to cardiovascular abnormalities, while HDL had shown a statistically non-significant correlation (p>0.05). The study concluded that higher level of cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol in diabetic patients compared to non-diabetic subjects with lower level of serum HDL-cholesterol in diabetic patient compared to non-diabetic subjects.

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Leaves extracts of Syzygium cumini (L) were collected to test their antimicrobial activity. The collected materials were extracted by petroleum ether, methanol and water by using different concentration (15% 10% and 5%). Were obtained and bioassay in vitro for its bioactivity to inhabit the growth of four types of bacteria,namely; (Staphlococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus subitils) and two types of fungi (Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans). The extract of Syzygium cumini leaves showed different activity against the selected bacteria at all concentration levels. By using cup plate diffusion method, petroleum ether extract of Syzygium cumini leaves showed activity against E. coli only. Methanol extract showed variable activity against bacteria in different concentrations especially 15% concentration showed high activity against B. subtilis. Water extract showed variable activity against most of the tested bacteria. E. coli was found to be sensitive to all concentrations.

Milk is considered as one of the fi nest natural foods containing all the essential nutrients such as lactose, fat, protein, minerals and vitamins in balanced ratio rather than the other foods. The present study was aimed to compare the physicochemical and microbiological qualities of cow, camel and goat milk farmed in Khartoum states. Milk samples were collected from the villages of Khartoum, Sudan and analyzed for nutritional and mineral variations. Our proximate analysis showed that, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in total solid content, moisture and fat content of cow, camel and goat milk. However, we found significant differences (p > 0.05) in cow, camel and goat milk for protein content, ash content, total acidity content and pH. In addition to that, mineral analysis of entire samples revealed that level of potassium was highest followed by calcium and phosphorus. However, level of magnesium and zinc was found to be lowest in concentration. Microbiological investigation showed that, total viable count in cow, camel and goat was 3.5  10 3 , 7.5 10 3 and 4.5 10 3 , respectively. Moreover, total coliform count was found to be 9, 7 and 6 in cow, camel and goat respectively count indicates possible poor hygienic practices at farm level. In addition to that, Yeast and Mold, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella was not detected in the samples. This work provides updated information on the current physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of cow, camel and goat milk collected from the farms of Khartoum, Sudan. This can be of great importance in the fi elds of dairy, food technology and food analysis.

In the present study, recycling edible oils which have been used in frying purposes of taamia, fish, potatoes, etc. are used to produce biodiesel in order to help in solving the fuel shortages and to share in the energy conservation efforts. Four types of biodiesels were prepared by treated the waste edible oil, firstly NaOH with methanol, secondly NaOH with ethanol, thirdly KOH with methanol, and fourthly KOH with ethanol. One liter of the cheapest and available used vegetable oils, 4gm of Alkali and 250ml of Alcohol was used for producing biodiesel. Optical tests for their absorption, density, viscosity and refractive index of the four produced biodiesels were compared with the fossil diesel (control biodiesel). The findings were showed that the properties of the prepared biodiesel samples are similar to the fossil diesel. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10525 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 143-149

The aim of this experiment is to know the toxicity of high uses of pendimethalin as herbicide used in Kenana Sugar Industry, period of experiment is 30 days. The results were reveal that there was significantly effect of high doses of pendimethalin on the liver of Wistar rats, because increase in the dose of the pendimethalin reflected by increasing the alkaline phosphatase enzyme during increase the period of time. In addition there were histopathological medical in cells of the liver of Wistar rats, which lead to impaired function of the liver, so it is very clear observed in water collected from Kenana Sugar Industry plate two, and 375 and 750 (plate three and four) compared with plate one( free from pendimethalin treatment. This experiment indicated that high dose of pendimethalin causes toxicity.