The synthesis of the SnO2 thin film with doped materials of aluminum, fluorin indium, a combination of aluminum and indium, a combination of aluminum and fluorine, an a combination of the three doping agents, namely aluminum, fluorine, and indium have be successfully carried out. The purpose of this synthesis is to determine the effect of the vario doping materials on the resulting bandgap energy value. The thin layer was synthesized usi the sol-gel spin coating technique with the ratio of the base material and doping material us were 95: 5% and 85: 15%. The results showed that the higher the doping materi concentration, the resulting bandgap energy value decreased. In addition, the highest bandg energy value is found in the SnO2 thin film with indium doping, namely for direct 3.62 eV (9 5% percentage) and 3.59 eV (percentage 85: 15%), while the indirect bandgap energy value 3, 92 eV (percentage 95: 5%) and 3.67 eV (percentage 85: 15%). The lowest energy band g value is found in the SnO2 thin film with a combination of the three doping aluminum, fluorin and indium, namely for direct 3.50 eV (95: 5% percentage) and 3.41 eV (percentage 85: 15% while the energy band gap value is indirect. namely 3.81 eV (percentage 95: 5%) and 3.55 e (percentage 85: 15%). All the energy band gap range in semiconductor materials.
The use of plasticizer could improve the flexibility, elasticity and friability of edible films. The characteristics of edible film made from caseinate sodium were influenced by the use of plasticizer types. The differences in material source and molecular weight of plasticizers type various result in the interaction of hydrogen bonds between water-protein-plasticizer molecules and further cause differences in the physical characteristics of edible films. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of plasticizer types (glycerol, sorbitol and polyethylene glycol (PEG)) on the characteristics of edible films. The edible film characteristics observed were color L * (brightness), elongation and thickness. Data were analyzed with complete random design and repeated for three times. The use of plasticizer type affected the edible color value (L *) around 85.62-87.43 (close to white). However, the type of plasticizer did not affect the elongation and thickness of the edible film. The range of elongation and thickness of the edible film with the use of a type of plasticizer was around 15.96-16.22% and an average of about 0.15 mm. The color value of L * (brightness) of edible film using sorbitol plasticizers type was higher than that using glycerol and PEG. The characteristics of edible films using sorbitol plasticizers were better, compared to those using glycerol and PEG.
<p>Layu fusarium merupakan salah satu penyakit penting di pertanaman tomat, termasuk di lahan Ultisol di Sulawesi Tenggara. Rizobakteri pemacu pertumbuhan tanaman merupakan salah satu alternatif pengendalian penyakit yang menjanjikan untuk mengatasi masalah layu fusarium. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui keefektifan formulasi rizobakteri indigenus untuk mengendalikan layu fusarium dan meningkatkan hasil panen tanaman tomat di tanah Ultisol. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Agroteknologi dan Rumah Kasa, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Halu Oleo dari Bulan Oktober 2010 sampai Januari 2011. Penelitian disusun berdasarkan rancangan acak lengkap dengan tujuh perlakuan, yaitu (RB) aplikasi rizobakteri pada benih, (RB.2) aplikasi rizobakteri pada benih dan pada tanaman 2 minggu setelah tanam, (RB.2.4) aplikasi rizobakteri pada benih dan pada tanaman 2 dan 4 minggu setelah tanam, (RBF.2) aplikasi rizobakteri pada benih dan aplikasi fungisida sintetik pada tanaman 2 minggu setelah tanam, (FB.4) aplikasi fungisida sintetik pada benih dan pada tanaman 2 minggu setelah tanam, (FB.2.4) aplikasi fungisida sintetik pada benih dan pada tanaman 2 dan 4 minggu setelah tanam, serta kontrol. Semua perlakuan diinokulasi dengan <em>Fusarium oxysporum</em> f. sp.<em> lycopersici</em> dan diulang tiga kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan rizobakteri pada benih yang disusul pada saat 2 dan 4 minggu setelah tanam paling efektif mengendalikan layu fusarium dengan penekanan sebesar 61,14%, serta mampu meningkatkan hasil tanaman dengan jumlah buah 10,88 dan bobot buah 375,31 g per tanaman, sedangkan tanaman tanpa perlakuan tidak berproduksi. Hasil ini mengindikasikan bahwa formulasi rizobakteri indigenus mampu mengendalikan layu fusarium dan meningkatkan hasil panen tanaman tomat di tanah Ultisol.</p>
The research was conducted to examine the content of Fe and other metal in natural sand of beach Ampenan, Mataram, Indonesia which is expected to be used as microwave absorbent material. Characterizations of the electrical and magnetic properties Barium M-Hexaferrite (BaM) with Zn-Mn doping (BaFe12-2xZnxMnxO19) are biosynthesized. Research carried out among others tested the metal content of Fe and other metals, synthesize BaFe12-2xZnxMnxO19. The samples were characterized using Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) and Network Vector Analyzer (VNA) for the test properties of electricity and magnetism, as well as the absorption of microwaves. The results from the AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy) testing showed that each gram of magnetic minerals in the natural sand containing 16.27 mg Fe, which states that the majority of metal components content is 69.80% Fe metal with the Magnetite and Hematite phases. The result from VSM showed that the coercivity value decreased when doping ion concentration and calcination temperature increased (0.16 Tesla at 600°C for x = 0.0 and 0.09 Tesla at 800°C for x = 1.0). Value of magnetic saturation and the magnetic remanence decreased with increasing ion concentration (Ms= 4.94 emu/g at x = 0.0 decreased to 0.31 emu/g at x = 1.0) and Mr = 3.43 emu/g for x = 0.0 decreased to 0.06 emu/g at x=1.0. These indicates that the sample has been soft magnetic. The result from VNA showed that the electrical conductivity values measured in the range 8.0-15.0 GHz indicate that the sample is a semiconductor (1.62×10-2 S/cm). The result from VNA showed that the microwave absorption properties increased at higher concentration of doping ions and the calcination temperature would increase the value of Reflection Loss (RL). Maximum RL value of the sample is -14.37 dB at 15 GHz and the absorption coefficient of 96.34%. These results indicate that the BaFe10.8Zn0.6Mn0.6O19 sample can be applied as a microwave absorbent material on X-band to Ku- band frequency. Keyword: Characterization, Barium M-Hexaferrite, doping, microwave, absorbent.
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