Arabic teaching-learning is essential for social communication needs as well. It is a language in which al-Qur’an and Hadith became the primary source of all knowledge. Reading skill mastery included reading Arabic text, which is compulsory because it contributes to improving receptive skills that need adequate vocabulary and syntactic comprehension for good reading. This research proposed to elaborate teaching implementation of Arabic text reading using ‘linguistic analysis’ to conduct it using a descriptive method. The study resulted that the teaching Arabic text reading at the University of Darussalam Gontor used taught in five steps as follows: Short explanation about three features of Arabic linguistic analysis (I’rab): function (mauqi’), declension (hukm), and the sign of declension (‘alāmah), Determining kind of sentence (nominal or verbal) to determine functions of each word of the sentence, Determining and organizing those functions into a subject, predicate and complement to determine their declension, Determining signs of declension based on their declensions and word category (shinfu’l kalimah), Determining attachment of reduction (muta’allaq al-jarr al-ashli) and declension in place (I’rab mahalli).
Abstract. LiFePO 4 is a type of cathode active material used for lithium ion batteries. It has a high electrochemical performance. However, it suffers from certain disadvantages such as a very low intrinsic electronic conductivity and low ionic diffusion. This study was conducted to increase the conductivity of LiFePO 4 . We have investigated the addition of Li 2 SiO 3 and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) to LiFePO 4 . The objective of this research was to synthesize LiFePO 4 /Li 2 SiO 3 /rGO via hydrothermal method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurement showed that the peaks corresponded to the vibration of LiFePO 4 /Li 2 SiO 3 . Further, X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement confirmed a single phase of LiFePO 4 . Finally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that rGO was distributed on the LiFePO 4 /Li 2 SiO 3 structure.
IntroductionMany researchers are interested in the optimization of LiFePO 4 as cathode active material for lithium ion batteries [1]. This material has several advantages, such as low toxicity, cheap, long cycle ability, and high safety [2]. It also has high electrochemical performance, such as a stable operational voltage at 3.45 V and high theoretic capacity at 170 mAh.g -1 . However, it suffers from certain disadvantages such as very low intrinsic electronic conductivity and low lithium ionic diffusion [3]. To counter these problems, several researchers have attempted to improve the electrical conductivity and ionic diffusion of LiFePO 4 with controlled morphology [4] or composites of LiFePO 4 [5].Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and Li 2 SiO 3 are materials with high electrical [6] and ionic conductivity [7], respectively. With its high electrical conductivity, rGO can increase electrical conductivity of LiFePO 4 . Meanwhile, with its high ionic conductivity, Li 2 SiO 3 can improve ionic diffusion of LiFePO 4 . Therefore, the objective of this research was to composite Li 2 SiO 3 and rGO into LiFePO 4 using a hydrothermal process.
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