The electrical transport properties of MgAl2−xCoxO4 (where x = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0) were investigated at room temperature. The dielectric behavior of the samples, and the contribution of the grains and the grain boundary regions to the electric response of the samples were observed using impedance spectroscopy in the frequency range of 20 Hz to 2 MHz. The DC conduction behavior was studied by measuring current density J against electric field E. It was observed that the grains and grain boundaries both contribute equally to the variation in electric response caused by changing the dopant concentration of cobalt in MgAl2O4. The combined Z″ and M″ spectroscopic plots indicated the presence of small polaron hopping conduction in the grain region of the samples. Moreover, the 25% doped sample showed minimum conductivity among all samples, which was two orders of magnitude less than that of the pure sample.
Two samples, water extract and blended whole leaves, of fresh Kalanchoe integra leaves (Crassulaceae), a traditional antihypertensive medicine used in Ghana, were analyzed with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF). Analysis revealed 12 macro and 26 micro elements in both extracts. Further quantitative assessment of the results for amounts of elements that are pharmacologically significant revealed that the amounts of calcium, potassium, and magnesium present in the extracts could be correlated to its traditional usage in managing hypertension and arrhythmias. However, heavy metals (lead and inorganic arsenic) detected in the extracts may pose a threat at doses normally used traditionally for the treatment of hypertension.
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