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To analyze the effect of possible risk factors, including breastfeeding, on the development of childhood-onset psoriasis, a multicenter case-control study with prospective collection of data was performed. Using a standard questionnaire, personal and specific variables including family history of psoriasis, maternal and environmental tobacco smoke exposure, body mass index (BMI), exclusive and partial breastfeeding for at least 3 and 12 months, cow's milk intake before 1 year, birth delivery method, and stressful life events were collected during 2009 from 537 patients with psoriasis and 511 controls younger than 18. Overall, patients more frequently reported exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at home and stressful life events in the year preceding the diagnosis than controls. The odds ratios (OR) for smoking and stressful life events were 2.90 (95% confidence interval [CI]=2.27-3.78) and 2.94 (95% CI=2.28-3.79), respectively. In addition, children with psoriasis were more likely to have a higher BMI (>26) than controls (OR=2.52; 95% CI=1.42-4.49). High BMI, environmental tobacco smoke exposure at home, and stressful life events may influence the development of pediatric psoriasis.

COVID-19 pandemic has a significant impact on public health, whether directly or indirectly. The first case was seen in Turkey on March 11, and the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic on March 12, 2020. The study aimed to document the effect of pandemic on dermatology outpatient clinics in Turkey. Fifteen tertiary hospitals from 13 provinces were included in the study, which was conducted between January 12 and May 12, 2020. The International Codes of Diseases (ICD-10) categories and patients' characteristics were evaluated before and after the pandemic. A total of 164 878 patients, 133 131 before and 31 747 after the pandemic, were evaluated. The daily hospital applications were found reduced by 77%. The three of the most frequent diagnoses; dermatitis, acne, and psoriasis remained unchanged after the pandemic. While the frequency of herpes zoster, scabies,

Psoriasis is a chronic, recurrent, inflammatory, and hyperproliferative disease. Recently there have been studies regarding increases in the levels of NO in inflammatory dermatoses including psoriasis. In this study, 22 patients with psoriasis were scored with PASI (psoriasis area and severity index) and the levels of serum nitrite-nitrate were evaluated before and after therapy with methotrexate (Mtx). The results were compared with age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers. The relation of the results with the clinical severity and the cumulative Mtx dose were also evaluated. The serum levels of nitrite-nitrate of the psoriatic patients with active lesions were found to be significantly higher than the levels of the healthy volunteers and the patients after therapy. The elevated nitrite-nitrate serum levels in the inflammatory period may suggest the possible role of this mediator in the etiopathogenesis of psoriasis and the potential future use of No inhibitors in the treatment of psoriasis.

We report a retrospective analysis the efficacy of high‐dose intravenous immunoglobulins on 9 patients with Livedoid vasculopathy for whom resistant to immunosuppressants plus anticoagulants or could not be prescribed. Intravenous immunoglobulins were used 2 g/kg per month in these patients. The treatment induced stabilization of the disease and all patients demonstrated improvement with IVIg. Complete and partial clinical response was achieved in 6 and 3 patients respectively.

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Background. Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, relapsing and debilitating inflammatory disease associated with profound morbidity. Aim. In this multicentre study, we investigated the demographic and clinical features of HS, and determined risk factors of disease severity. Methods. In total, 1221 patients diagnosed with HS from 29 centres were enrolled, and the medical records of each patient were reviewed. Results. The mean age of disease onset was 26.2 AE 10.4 years, and almost 70% (n = 849) of patients were current or former smokers. Mean disease duration was 8.9 AE 8.4 years with a delay in diagnosis of 5.8 AE 3.91 years. Just over a fifth (21%; n = 256) of patients had a family history of HS. The axillary, genital and neck

IU/L) levels were observed (Fig. 1d). Based on the patient's clinical course, in which no treatments other than the scabies treatment were introduced, the improvement of his skin symptoms and reductions in his serum TARC and IgE levels were considered to have been due to the scabies treatment. There are two common subtypes of scabies: classic and crusted scabies. 1,5 The skin manifestations of classic scabies include burrows and erythematous papules/nodules. Severe and persistent pruritus is a hallmark of scabies. 6 Hashimoto et al. 6 reported that Th2 immunity predominates in human ordinary scabies lesions and is accompanied by the massive infiltration of interleukin (IL)-31 (+) M2 macrophages and epidermal expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin and periostin (TSLP). Eosinophils are one of the first cell types attracted to tissue sites affected by localized allergic inflammation, and they secrete Th2-inducing cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13), which affect resident dendritic cells (DCs), enhancing DC activation and promoting a Th2-inducing phenotype. 7,8 In our case, a histological examination revealed the massive infiltration of eosinophils and indicated that Th2 immunity was involved in upregulating the patient's serum TARC levels. Interestingly, his serum TARC levels decreased more markedly than his serum IgE levels after treatment. Serum TARC levels might reflect treatment efficacy more closely than serum IgE levels and, hence, could be considered as a potential biomarker. Further, as scabies is frequently misdiagnosed as AD or PN and treated with topical corticosteroids, which masks the condition, elevated serum TARC levels could further delay diagnosis. Thus, clinicians must consider scabies when examining patients with pruritic nodules who exhibit elevated serum TARC levels, and the serum TARC level might be a useful marker of the efficacy of treatments for scabies. Acknowledgement The patients in this manuscript have given written informed consent to publication of their case details.