Background: Increasing inflammatory markers of CRP, TNF-α and IL-6 leads to increasing cardiovascular disease. Change in lifestyle represents a successful strategy to prevent cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks Pilates training on serum levels of IL-6, CRP and TNF-α in inactive overweight women.Methods: In this quasi-experimental study 28 volunteer overweight women (with average BMI of 27.2, 1.1 ± kg/m 2 ) participated. They were randomly divided into training group (n=14) and control group (n=14). Pilates exercise training was performed during 12 weeks (3 sessions per week, 60 min per session). Blood samples were collected in two stages, 48 hours before and 48 hours after the last exercise after 12-14 hours fasting status. During the 12 weeks, the control group had no exercise training.Results: In within group comparsion, only serum levels of CRP in the training group was significantly decreased (P=0.048) and in between group comparsion there were no significant difference in serum levels of CRP, TNF-α and IL-6 in training group compare to control group (P>0.05).Conclusion: However, from statistical point of view there was no significant difference between the two groups. It can be said that the implementation of Pilates training can have beneficial effects on serum levels of some inflammatory markers in this way reduced CRP in inactive women with overweight. Lowering serum CRP levels is with reducing body fat and improving body composition. So physical activity can be considered as an essential part of the lifestyle of adults.

Introduction: Experimental evidence suggests positive effects of physical activity on skeletal mass. Biochemical markers determine the response rate of bone metabolism to physical activity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Pilates exercise training on serum osteocalcin and parathormone levels in inactive and overweight women. Methods: 28 healthy overweight women participated in this quasi-experimental study. They were randomly divided into two groups: exercise group (n=14) and control group (n=14). Pilates exercise training was performed during 12 weeks (3 sessions per week, 60 min per session). Blood samples of osteocalcin and parathormone were collected in two stages of fasting, 48 hours before and after exercise. The serum levels of osteocalcin and patathormone was measured by the ELISA method. For analyzing within-group data and between-group data paired t-test and ANCOVA test were performed, respectively. Results: Post-test data showed a significant increase in osteocalcin (P=0.017) and parathormone levels (P=0.015) compared to pre-test data. But in between group comparison, only a significant increase in the amount of osteocalcin in exercise training compare to control group was observed (P=0.03). Conclusion: Based on the results, three months of Pilates exercise training program can change some biochemical markers levels of bone metabolism in inactive and overweight women. In this regard, Pilates exercise may reflect some mechanisms involved in the positive effect of physical activity on bone mass.

Introduction: Intense exercise may cause immunological changes and muscle damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of one session of resistance training with and without blood flow restriction on serum levels of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in female athletes. Materials and Methods: In this semiexperimental study, 30 female basketball players were randomly divided into a traditional resistance training group (without blood flow restriction), a resistance training group (with blood flow restriction) and a control group. Blood samples were taken before the first session and 30 minutes after the last training session. T-test and one-way analysis of variance were used for evaluation of within group and between group differences, respectively. All statistical analyses were performed in SPSS (version 23) at significance level of 0.05. Results: Serum level of CK increased significantly in all group, while serum LDH increased significantly only in the experimental groups when compared with pre-test levels (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in serum levels of CK and LDH between the experimental groups and the control group. Conclusions: Resistance training with blood flow restriction and highintensity resistance training without blood flow restriction have similar effects on markers of muscle damage.

Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a new class of biomarkers that involved in many biological processes and gene expression. The present study examined the effects of eight weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT), endurance and resistance training on the expression of miRNA-210 and serum Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) level in young male athletes. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 40 young male athletes randomized into four groups including HIIT, endurance (EN), resistance (RES) trainings for eight weeks and also control groups. The HIIT program was consisted of 6-8 running sprints (30-60 seconds) with a 3.5-4 min recovery. Endurance training was included on 40-30 minutes of running at 75-70% heart rate reserve. Moreover, resistance training was a circuit training program consisting of three sets of 8-6 repetitions including chest press, curls, leg press, hack press and leg extension at 80-75% of one-repetition maximum (1RM). Blood samples were taken 24 hours pre and post intervention. Finally, the results were analyzed using one way analysis of variance and paired samples t test.Results: Serum miRNA-210 expression and HIF-1α concentration were significantly increased following to three types of training (P<0.05). However, the amount of the observed increases were significantly higher in HIIT group rather than both EN and RES groups (P<0.05) with no significant difference between EN and RES groups (P>0.05). Conclusion:All three training protocols increased Serum miRNA-210 expression and HIF-1α concentration with better efficiency of HIIT proposing it as an effective training method in this area.

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