Makala hii inachunguza mabadiliko ya kimaana katika methali za kijinsia katika jamii ya Wanyankole. Lengo kuu la makala hii ni kubaini athari ya mabadiliko katika jamii katika ufasiri wa maana na matumizi ya methali za kijinsia miongoni mwa Wanyankole nchini Uganda. Mbinu za mahojiano zilitumika katika ukusanyaji wa data. Utafiti huu ulihusisha methali kumi na tano za kijinsia katika jamii ya Wanyankole. Uteuzi huo ulifanywa kimaksudi kwa sababu utafiti ulilenga kuchanganua methali zilizohusu jinsia za kike na kiume katika jamii ya Wanyankole. Nadharia ya Udenguzi ilitumika katika uchanganuzi wa data. Matokeo ya utafiti huu yalibainisha kuwa kadri ulimwengu unavyobadilika ndivyo jamii ya Wanyankole inavyobadilika hivyo basi mabadiliko haya yameathiri ufasiri wa maana katika methali za kijinsia za Wanyankole. Vilevile ilibainika kuwa jamii ya jadi inafasiri na kuzitumia baadhi ya methali tofauti na jamii ya kisasa. Makala hii inapendekeza kuwa baadhi ya methali zinafaa kurejelewa upya kiufasiri, kimuundo na kimatumizi ili uamilifu wake uwiane na jamii ya kisasa.
Utafiti huu ulidhamiria kuchunguza jinsi vipengele vya kitamaduni katika matini teule ya Kiswahili na Kikalenjin vilivyochangia mtafsiri kuiandika upya Bukuit ne Tilil. Utafiti huu uliongozwa na nadharia mbili, ambazo ni nadharia ya tafsiri vitendo ambayo ilitumika kubaini jinsi tofauti za kimazingira kati ya hadhira ya matini asilia na ya matini pokezi ilivyopelekea uandishi upya kufanyika wakati wa kutafsiri. Nadharia ya pili ni ya ulinganifu,ambapo matini asilia ililinganishwa na matini pokezi ili kubai ni kama ujumbe ulihifadhiwa katika matini tafsiri.Aidha, tamaduni, matumizi ya msamiati na sarufi zililinganishwa kwa kuchunguza mikakati na mbinu zilizotumika kutafsiri matini asilia, na hivyo kubaini uandishi upya katika matini pokezi. Data zilikusanywa kupitia uchunguzi maktabani na vilevile kuwasaili washikadau katika Ofisi ya Utafsiri wa Bibilia ya Kapsabet na Shirika la Kutafsiri Biblia nchini, pamoja na wazungumza lugha ya Kikalenjin ambao walituelekeza juu ya matumizi ya baadhi ya maneno. Usampuli wa kimakusudi ulitumiwa ili kupata data iliyotumika katika uchanganuzi. Kitabu cha Mithali katika Agano la Kale kiliteuliwa kwa minajili ya utafiti huu. Matokeo ya utafiti huu yalikuwa: utamaduni wa Waswahili na wa Wakalenjin ni tofauti na hii ilipelekea uandishi upya ufanywe katika tafsiri. Utafiti unapendekeza yafuatayo: Sera za elimu kuhusu lugha za kienyeji zinafaa kutilia maanani tafsiri ya matini za kufundishia.
Utafiti huu ulidhamiria Kupambanua namna matumizi ya mikakati ya kutafsiri, ilivyochangia katika uandishi upya wa BukuitNe Tilil. Utafiti huu uliongozwa na nadharia mbili, ambazo ni nadharia ya tafsiri vitendo ambayo ilitumika kubaini jinsi tofauti za kimazingira kati ya hadhira ya matini asilia na ya matini pokezi ilivyopelekea uandishi upya kufanyika wakati wa kutafsiri. Nadharia ya pili ni ya ulinganifu, ambapo matini asilia ililinganishwa na matini pokezi ili kubaini kama ujumbe ulihifadhiwa katika matini tafsiri. Aidha,tamaduni, matumizi ya msamiati na sarufi zililinganishwa kwa kuchunguza mikakati na mbinu zilizotumika kutafsiri matini asilia, na hivyo kubaini uandishi upya katika matini pokezi. Data zilikusanywa kupitia uchunguzi maktabani na vilevile kuwasaili washikadau katika Ofisi ya Utafsiri wa Bibilia ya Kapsabet na Shirika la Kutafsiri Biblia nchini, pamoja na wazungumza lugha ya Kikalenjin ambao walituelekeza juu ya matumizi ya baadhi yamaneno. Usampuli wa kimakusudi ulitumiwa ili kupata data iliyotumika katika uchanganuzi. Kitabu cha Mithalikatika Agano la Kale kiliteuliwa kwa minajili ya utafiti huu.Utafiti huu ulibaini kuwa matumizi ya mikakati ya kutafsiri ilichangia uandishi upya wa kazi tafsiri. Uchunguzi huu ulipendekeza kuwa mashirika ya kufanya tafsiri yaimarishwe kwa kupewa uthamini ili kutafsiri makala nyingi Zaidi.
Verbal humour has presented itself as a complicated phenomenon to linguists over the years due to its inherently dissociative properties. Sometimes the very essence of humour lies in defying the rules of language usage. Language usage in verbal humour is embedded in the jokes that the comedians perform and are the mechanisms involved in maxim flouting. In the process of maxim flouting conversational implicatures arise and when it is inconsistent with what we expect, humour generates. Out of the generated humour additional information is embedded. The study examined the forms of humour that emerge as a result of stand-up comedians flouting the conversational maxims in Churchill Show in Kenya. The study relied on the Gricean cooperative principle and the principles of Relevance theory to explain the maxims flouted by stand-up comedians. The study adopted a descriptive qualitative research. The primary data of study comprised purposively selected utterances from stand-up comedy performances from 2011 to 2019 in Churchill Show. In collecting the data, the researcher applied attentive observation. Being a qualitative study, data analysis commenced during data collection. Content analyses of spoken words in the TV tape were transcribed. Classification of the data into maxims flouted was first done and discussed. The findings revealed that comedians in Churchill Show create different forms of humour by taking advantage of rhetorical techniques such as hyperbole, satire, irony, stereotyping and self-deprecation. It is recommended that future research should investigate the most flouted maxim by comedians in Churchill Show can be carried out. Additionally, another study can be conducted on rhetoric strategies that stand-up comedians employ in Churchill Show and which of the strategies are the most exploited.
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