A caracterização física de substratos para plantas no Brasil ainda é incipiente, embora, apenas com a definição adequada de métodos confiáveis seja possível padronizar insumos e fornecer as recomendações necessárias aos produtores. Objetivou-se caracterizar fisicamente seis substratos para plantas e comparar métodos prescritos pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento brasileiro e pelo Comitê Europeu de Normatização. Os substratos avaliados foram: fibra de coco granulada, dois tipos de casca de pínus, casca de arroz estabilizada e duas misturas (50:50, v:v), uma de casca de arroz com fibra de coco granulada e a segunda de casca de pínus e casca de arroz. O projeto, realizado em 2009, teve delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. Os substratos apresentaram diferenças quanto aos atributos físicos: umidade, granulometria, densidade volumétrica, capacidade de retenção de água, densidade de partícula e porosidade, características com as quais se pode inferir sobre sua utilização. Quanto aos parâmetros físicos recomendados em cada um dos métodos, sugere-se: para determinação da umidade da amostra, secagem à temperatura de 65 ± 5 °C; para granulometria, tempo de 10 min de agitação das peneiras; para densidade volumétrica, método da autocompactação; para capacidade de retenção de água, a base do anel volumétrico da amostra como referência e a adoção da dupla saturação e da pré-tensão em 50 hPa; para determinar a curva de retenção de água dos substratos, os pontos de tensão em 10, 30, 50 e 100 hPa; para caracterização dos substratos quanto à sua origem, inclusão da densidade de partícula pela determinação da matéria orgânica e de cinzas.Palavras-chave: fibra de coco, casca de arroz, casca de pínus, densidade volumétrica, porosidade, capacidade de retenção de água. Physical characterization of substrates for plants AbstractPhysical characterization of substrates in Brazil is still incipient and, only with the proper definition of reliable methods, substrates can be standard izedand recommendations can be provided for the producer. The objective was to physically characterize six types of substrates for plants and to compare the methods prescribed by Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply and by European Committee for Standardization. The six substrates evaluated were: granulated coconut fiber, two types of pinus bark, stabilized rice rusk and two mixtures (50:50, v:v), one of rice rusk with granulated coconut fiber and the second pinus bark with rice husk. The project, realized in 2009, has a completely randomized experimental design. The substrates showed differences as to the physical attributes studied: humidity, particle size distribution, bulk density, water retention capacity, particle density and porosity, characteristics with which one can infer on their use. For the physical parameters for each of the recommended methods are suggested: for the determination of the sample humidity, drying at 65 °C ± 5 °C; for particle size distribution, time of 10 minutes of stirring sieves; for th...

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Extraction with hot water is the most widely used procedure to determine boron (B) in soils for the diagnosis of the nutrient availability for plants. However, this procedure is tedious for routine conditions and requires some special precautions. An alternative extraction procedure was developed, consisting in the extraction of B with a 1.25 g/L solution of barium chloride (BaCl 2 ) or with water heated in a domestic microwave oven. Boron was determined either by inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and by spectrophotometry with azomethine-H. Good correlations were found between the extraction by boiling water under reflux and the extraction by the microwave heating for 13 Brazilian soils, and the contents of B obtained by spectrophotometry did not differ significantly from those obtained by ICP-AES. Considering the calculated standard deviations, it can be concluded that microwave heating followed by ICP-AES determination is an adequate procedure for the determination of hot water extractable B in soils.

Microelements are an important issue in agriculture, due to their need as micronutrients for plants and also to the possibility of the build-up of toxic levels for plants and animals. Five micronutrients (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) are routinely determined in soil analysis for advisory purposes. Other four elements (Cd, Cr, Pb, and Ni) are considered environmentally important heavy metals in farmland soils. Thus high contents of these metals in cropland might go eventually unnoticed. In this paper we present an approach that can be used to monitor the contents of the nine elements in farmland soils using advisory soil testing. A total of 13,416 soil samples from 21 Brazilian states, 58% of them from the state of São Paulo, sent by farmers were analyzed. Boron was determined by hot water extraction and the other metals were determined by DTPA (pH 7.3) extraction. The ranges of content, given in mg dm -3 soil, were the following: B, 0.01-10.6; Cu, 0.1-56.2; Fe, 0.5-476; Mn, 1-325; Zn, 1-453; Cd, 0.00-3.43, Cr, 0.00-42.9; Ni, 0.00-65.1; Pb, 0.00-63.9. The respective average values for São Paulo were: B-0.32; Cu-2.5; Fe-36; Mn-16; Zn-4.8; Cd-0.02; Cr-0.03; Ni-0.18; Pb-0.85. For other states the results are in the same ranges. The higher values are indicative of anthropogenic inputs, either due to excess application of fertilizers or to industrial or mining activities. The conclusion is that massive chemical analysis of farmland soil samples could serve as a database for indicating potential micronutrient deficiency and excesses or heavy metal buil-up in croplands, allowing preventive actions to be taken. Key words: soil analyses, micronutrients, heavy metals, deficiency, toxicity, interpretation limits USO DA ANÁLISE DE ROTINA PARA MONITORAR A CONCENTRAÇÃO DE METAIS PESADOS E BORO EM SOLOSRESUMO: Microelementos têm um papel importante na agricultura, devido à sua essencialidade para plantas e também à possibilidade de serem tóxicos às plantas e aos animais. Os cinco micronutrientes (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, e Zn) são comumente determinados nas análises rotineiras de solos com finalidade de recomendação de adubação. Os outros quatro elementos (Cd, Cr, Pb, e Ni) são metais pesados importantes para os solos agrícolas e não são normalmente determinados em amostras de solos enviadas pelos agricultores. Portanto, altos teores desses metais pesados em terras agricultáveis poderão passar despercebidos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi usar a análise de rotina de solo para monitorar o teor dos nove elementos em amostras de solo. Um total de 13.416 amostras de solo de 21 estados brasileiros, sendo 58% delas originárias do estado de São Paulo, foram analisadas. O boro foi determinado usando a água quente e os outros metais foram extraídos pelo DTPA (pH 7,3). Considerando todas as amostras, as faixas dos teores, em de mg dm -3 foram:

In order to investigate the cadmium (Cd) accumulation patterns and possible alleviation of Cd stress by mycorrhization, sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus L.) were grown in the presence or absence of Cd (20 micromol L(-1)) and inoculated or not inoculated with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus intraradices. No visual symptoms of Cd phytotoxicity were observed; nevertheless, in non-mycorrhizal plants the presence of Cd decreased plant growth. The addition of Cd had no significant effect on either mycorrhizal colonization or the amount of extra-radical mycelia that was produced by the AMF. Cd accumulated mainly in roots; only 22% of the total Cd absorbed was translocated to the shoots, where it accumulated to an average of 228 mg Cd kg(-1). Although the shoot-to-root ratio of Cd was similar in both the AMF inoculated and non-inoculated plants, the total absorbed Cd was 23% higher in mycorrhizal plants. Cd concentration in AMF extra-radical mycelium was 728 microg g(-1) dry weight. Despite the greater absorption of Cd, mycorrhizal plants showed higher photosynthetic pigment concentrations and shoot P contents. Cd also influenced mineral nutrition, leading to decreased Ca and Cu shoot concentrations; N, Fe and Cu shoot contents; and increased S and K shoot concentrations. Cd induced guaiacol peroxidase activity in roots in both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants, but this increase was much more accentuated in non-mycorrhizal roots. In conclusion, sunflower plants associated with G. intraradices were less sensitive to Cd stress than non-mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal sunflowers showed enhanced Cd accumulation and some tolerance to excessive Cd concentrations in plant tissues.

Phytoextraction is an important technique used for the decontamination of areas polluted by lead. Consequently, an understanding of the physiological responses to tolerance of tropical species subjected to increasing levels of contamination is fundamental before considering their use as phytoextractors in contaminated areas. The objective of this study was to assess the lead (Pb) uptake and the tolerance of Ricinus communis L. The plants were cultivated in nutrient solution in a greenhouse under controlled conditions. Lead was tested at concentrations of 0, 100, 200 and 400 µmol L -1 . The experimental set-up was a block design, using a 4 x 1 factorial scheme, with three replicates. Biometric analyses, photosynthesis rates, and Pb content in the nutritive solution as well as in roots and shoots were performed. In conclusion, R. communis L is a hyperaccumulator species for Pb and presents tolerance properties in lead light concentration. Lead uptake and tolerance of Ricinus communis L. Pontencial fitoextrator de Ricinus communis L. para chumbo:A fitoextração é uma técnica remediadora importante para áreas contaminadas por chumbo (Pb), sendo importantes os estudos que relacionam a tolerância de espécies de clima tropical, desenvolvidas em níveis crescentes de contaminação, com a sua fisiologia, para que possam ser cultivadas como fitoextratoras em áreas contaminadas. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de estudar a espécie Ricinus communis L. como potencial fitoextratora de Pb. As plantas foram cultivadas em solução nutritiva, em casa de vegetação, sob condições semi-controladas. Testaram-se as concentrações 0, 100, 200 e 400 µmol Pb L -1 . Os experimentos foram instalados em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4 x 1, com três repetições. Foram realizadas análises biométricas e medidas as taxas de fotossíntese, bem como as concentrações de Pb na solução nutritiva, nas raízes e na parte aérea das plantas. Concluiu-se que R. communis L é uma espécie hiperacumuladora e apresenta tolerância ao Pb em baixas concentrações.Palavras-chave: chumbo, fitorremediação, mamona, metal pesado

SUMMARYLiming acid soils is considered to assure the availability of Mo in crops. Additionally, in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) the positive response to liming is associated to a better supply of Ca +2 , Mo for the nitrogenase-complex activity, and other non-nitrogen fixing activities of the crop. This study was thus undertaken to assess the effect of lime, Mo, and the lime-Mo interaction on peanut crop, on an acid Ultisol at the Mococa Experimental Station, Instituto Agronômico, São Paulo State, Brazil, from 1987 to 1990. A randomized complete block design with four replications, in a 4 x 4 factorial arrangement, was used in the study. The factors included four lime rates (0, 2, 4, and 6 t ha -1 ) broadcast and incorporated into the soil, and Mo (0, 100, 200, and 300 g ha -1 ) as (NH 4 ) 2 MoO 4 applied as seed dressing. Lime was applied once at the beginning of the study while Mo was applied at every planting. Peanut seed cv 'tatu' was used. Significant increase in peanut kernel yield with liming was only evident in the absence of Mo, whereas the peanut response to Mo was observed in two out of the three harvests. A higher yield response (28 % increase) was found when Mo was applied without liming. Soil molybdenum availability, as indicated by plant leaf analysis, increased significantly when lime was applied. Molybdenum fertilization led to higher leaf N content, which in turn increased peanut yield in treatments with smaller lime doses.