Introduction: Infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have become common in hospitals and the community environment, and this wide resistance has limited patient treatment. Clindamycin (CL) represents an important alternative therapy for infections caused by S. aureus. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing using standard methods may not detect inducible CL resistance. This study was performed to detect the phenotypes of resistance to macrolides-lincosamides-streptogramin B (MLS B ) antibiotics, including CL, in clinical samples of S. aureus from patients at a tertiary hospital in Santa Maria, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Methods: One hundred and forty clinical isolates were submitted to the disk diffusion induction test (D-test) with an erythromycin (ER) disk positioned at a distance of 20mm from a CL disk. The results were interpreted according to the recommendations of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Results: In this study, 29 (20.7%) of the 140 S. aureus samples were resistant to methicillin (MRSA), and 111 (79.3%) were susceptible to methicillin (MSSA). The constitutive resistance phenotype (cMLS B ) was observed in 20 (14.3%) MRSA samples and in 5 (3.6%) MSSA samples, whereas the inducible resistance phenotype (iMLS B ) was observed in 3 (2.1%) MRSA samples and in 8 (5.8%) MSSA samples. Conclusions: The D-test is essential for detecting the iMLS B phenotype because the early identifi cation of this phenotype allows clinicians to choose an appropriate treatment for patients. Furthermore, this test is simple, easy to perform and inexpensive.

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O estudo objetivou reportar sobre os riscos de contágio das Doenças Sexualmente Transmissíveis (DSTs), apresentando as principais formas de transmissão, sinais e sintomas associados, tratamento e prevenção. Realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica no período de abril a junho de 2015, por meio das bases de dados (SciELO, PubMed, LILACS e BIREME), cartilhas e materiais do Ministério da Saúde, publicados entre 2003 a 2015 envolvendo os descritores: “doenças sexualmente transmissíveis”, “adolescente”, “sexualidade” e “vulnerabilidade em saúde” no idioma inglês e português. A busca resultou em 63 publicações das quais 58 foram selecionadas a partir da leitura dos resumos dos materiais para elaboração deste trabalho por abordarem o tema proposto. Pode se observar que a disseminação das DSTs entre a população jovem é crescente, sendo necessário investir continuamente em ações de caráter educativo que visem à redução dos fatores de riscos e possam contribuir para sua cidadania.Descritores: Doenças Sexualmente Transmissíveis; Adolescente; Sexualidade; Vulnerabilidade em Saúde.

Este artigo está licenciado sob forma de uma licença Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0 Internacional, que permite uso irrestrito, distribuição e reprodução em qualquer meio, desde que a publicação original seja corretamente citada. ABSTRACT Aims:To evaluate the prevalence of bacteria in urine cultures of pregnant women seen at the outpatient clinic of the Department of Obstetrics at the University Hospital of Santa Maria, Brazil, and to determine the antibiotic sensitivity profile of these bacteria. Methods:The reports issued by the Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University Hospital of Santa Maria were retrospectively analyzed. All positive urine cultures of pregnant women seen at the Department of Obstetrics from January to December 2014 were included in the study. The tests for the identification of bacterial isolates and their sensitivity profiles were assessed by an automated system. Results: A total of 423 positive urine cultures were detected in the pregnant women. Gram-negative Escherichia coli was the most prevalent microorganism (46.50%). Gram-positive Staphylococcus saprophyticus was the second most prevalent bacterium (6.2%). Candida spp. was isolated from 94 (21.8%) urine samples. Nitrofurantoin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid showed the lowest antimicrobial resistance against E. coli (91.33% and 90.77%, respectively). Ampicillin had the highest sensitivity among prevalent Gram-positive bacteria. Conclusions:The sensitivity profile found in this study allows us to suggest nitrofurantoin and/or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid for the treatment of urinary tract infection caused by Gram-negative bacteria during pregnancy. Given the prevalence rates detected in this study, these antimicrobials can be initiated empirically before the urine culture results are known, in the cases of symptomatic urinary tract infection. This study underscores the importance of urine culture in the prenatal period and in the third trimester because of the different microorganisms identified and the different sensitivity to the antimicrobials tested.

The objective ofthis study was to characterize the prevalence and susceptibility profile ofStaphylococcus aureus isolates at University Hospital ofSanta Maria, through data collection at the Laboratory ofClinical Analysis, during April to June 2009. Were requested 3270 cultures and 1123 (34%) were positive. The prevalence of S. aureus in relation to positive cultures was 89 (7,93%). It was found that these strains, 33% were resistant to oxacillin and 34.45% showed resistance related erm gene. High sensitivity to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (72/80%) was detected for the automation and no strain showed resistance to vancomycin. Therefore, the prevalence of S. aureus and oxacillin resistance at HUSM were lower than observed in other tertiary hospitals in Brazil.

RESUMOIntrodução: Devido à sepse bacteriana associada à transfusão de concentrados plaquetários (CPs) ter sérias consequências clínicas para os pacientes, alguns procedimentos têm sido incorporados na preparação e no controle de qualidade dos componentes sanguíneos para reduzir o risco da contaminação bacteriana. Este artigo descreve a prevalência da contaminação bacteriana dos CPs que foram transfundidos, o espectro bacteriano detectado com seu perfil de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos e as reações transfusionais nos receptores. Métodos: Um total de 292 CPs (278 randômicos e 14 por aférese), proveniente do Hemocentro do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (HEMORGS) de Santa Maria foi testado. As quantidades de 100µL e 200µL foram coletadas da porção tubular da bolsa de plaquetas e semeadas utilizando dois tipos de metodologias. Resultados: Em cinco unidades(1,7%; 5/292) foram isoladas bactérias pela metodologia qualitativa e apenas uma pela quantitativa. Staphylococcus epidermidis foi o microrganismo identificado em todas as amostras. Dois pacientes apresentaram sepse associada à transfusão com desfecho fatal. Conclusões: A contaminação bacteriana pelas transfusões de CPs constitui-se num importante problema de saúde pública devido a sua associação com altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade. Neste estudo, somente microrganismos gram-positivos foram isolados sendo que nenhuma amostra obtida por aférese apresentou contaminação. Palavras-chaves: Concentrados plaquetários. Contaminação bacteriana. Sepse. Staphylococcus epidermidis. ABSTRACTIntroduction: Bacterial sepsis associated with the transfusion of platelet concentrates (PCs) results in serious clinical implications for patients. Given these implications, certain procedures have been integrated into the preparation and quality control of blood components to reduce the risk of bacterial contamination. This article describes the prevalence of bacterial contamination on transfused PCs, the bacterial spectrum detected and their antimicrobial susceptibility profile and transfusion reactions in receptors. Methods: A total of 292 PCs (278 random and 14 per apheresis) from the Blood Center of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (HEMORGS), located in the city of Santa Maria, were tested. Quantities of 100µL and 200µL were collected from platelet bag tubing and seeded using two methodologies. Results: Using the qualitative methodology, bacteria were isolated in five units (1.7%; 5/292), while only one was isolated using the quantitative methodology. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the microorganism identified in all samples. Two patients died of transfusion-related sepsis. Conclusions: Bacterial contamination due to PC transfusion is considered a major public health problem due to its association with high rates of morbidity and mortality. In this study only gram-positive microorganisms were isolated and none of the samples obtained by apheresis presented contamination.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) stand out as one of the main agents causing nosocomial and community infections. This retrospective study aimed to analyze the MRSA predominance in a university hospital in the south of Brazil and it was carried out for five years (from 2007 to 2011). 616 MRSA (33,3% of the total) were isolated and an important reduction in the MRSA predominance was observed along the study. Although it was registered a reduction in the MRSA predominance, male adult patients (41-70 years old), who were in the Medical Clinic and Adult ICU, had the highest infection rates and concerning MRSA isolates rates, these were higher in blood and tracheal aspirates.In conclusion, studies of this type are becoming relevant to recognize pathogens like MRSA and to determine its predominance. Uniterms

A infecção do trato urinário (ITU) é considerada uma das doenças mais comuns de origem bacteriana. Objetivou-se determinar a prevalência de ITU em pacientes atendidos no Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria, o agente mais isolado, a incidência entre os sexos e a faixa etária mais acometida. Realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo das uroculturas solicitadas no HUSM, no período de 2007 à 2010, as quais foram cultivadas no setor de Microbiologia do Laboratório de Análises Clínicas. Dos 34.898 exames solicitados, 6.190 (17,74%) foram positivos. O sexo feminino apresentou o maior percentual de positividade (72,94%) e a faixa etária feminina mais acometida foi entre 14 a 40 anos (37,6%) e a masculina entre 41 a 64 anos (10,6%). O microrganismo prevalente foi a Escherichia coli com 31,9%. A partir deste estudo pôde-se verificar que os bacilos gram-negativos (BGN) foram os patógenos prevalentes, além disso, ocorreu um significativo número de isolados de Candida sp.