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A field experiment was conducted at Sakha Agricultural Research Station Farm, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, during the two growing seasons 2013 and 2014 to study the effect of irrigation scheduling; irrigation at 50 (I 1), 65(I 2) and 80% (I 3) of accumulative pan evaporation (APE) and four systems of sole and intercropping pattern; 1: 1 (P 1), 1: 2 (P 2) rows for sunflower cv. Sakha 53, forage cowpea cv. balady, sole sunflower (P 3) and sole cowpea (P 4) in a split plot design with three replications. The important findings could be concluded as follows: The highest values of water applied and consumptive use were recorded under I 1 in the two growing seasons and the values were 57.9 and 59.1 cm for water applied and 48.89 and 50.25 cm for water consumed in the first and second season, respectively. On the other hand, the highest mean values of water productively (WP) and productivity of irrigation water (PIW) were recorded under I 3 (lowest water applied and consumed) for two crops in the two seasons and the value tended to reduce, gradually, with increasing the irrigation water applied, for planting pattern in 1:2 sunflower/cowpea intercropping pattern gave the highest PIW under I 3 where the values were 0.368 and 0.352 kg m-3 of sunflower plus 0.746 and 0.714 kg m-3 in 2013 and 2014 growing seasons, respectively. Likewise, WP takes the same trend in the two growing seasons. Results showed also, all characteristics of sunflower and cowpea were significantly affected by irrigation scheduling and intercropping systems in both seasons. For sunflower; plant height, stem diameter, head diameter, weight of seeds plant-1 ,100seed weight, seed yield fed-1 and oil % gave the highest values under irrigation scheduling I 2 and the 1: 2 planting pattern. All of the evaluated growth, yield and yield components traits for cowpea plants; plant height , stem diameter , number of leaves plant-1 , dry seed yield , dry matter yield ,dry matter % , crude protein % and crude fiber % exhibited higher figures under irrigation scheduling (I 2) and the 1 : 2 planting pattern (P 2). Land equivalent ratio (LER) exhibited higher values with I 3 irrigation scheduling and 1:2 sunflower/ cowpea planting pattern. The highest total income was attained with the 1: 2 planting pattern and I 2 irrigation scheduling.

Two field experiments were conducted at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate. The site is located at 31 0 07ˉ N Latitude and 30 0 57ˉ E longitude with an elevation of about 6 meters above mean sea level. This location represents the conditions of the North Middle Nile Delta region during the two successive winter growing seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 to investigate the effect of irrigation intervals and plant densities on faba bean yield, some yield attributes and some water relations under drip irrigation system. Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) seeds, variety Sakha 2, were planted on 10 th and 15 th November and harvested on 28 th April and 2 nd May in the first and second growing seasons, respectively. A split plot design with four replicates was used. The main plots were randomly assigned by (irrigation intervals, I) which were I1 (irrigation every 6 days), I2 (irrigation every 9 days), I3 (irrigation every12 days), I4 (irrigation every15 days), I5 (irrigation every18days). The sub-main treatments were also randomly assigned by (plant densities, D) which were, D1 (planting one plant on one lateral from each side adjusted with opening the emitter), D2 (planting two plants on one lateral from one side adjusted with the emitter), D3 (planting four plants on one lateral on the two sides of the emitter), two plants from each side and D4 (planting four plants on one lateral on the two sides of the emitter, two plants from each side). In addition, two plants were planted in the middle of the two adjacent emitters with one plant in each side. The obtained results can be summarized as follows:-Data clearly illustrated that, the values of seasonal water applied, water stored in the effective root zone and water consumptive use were affected by irrigation intervals, where the highest overall mean values for the abovementioned three studied parameters were recorded under irrigation interval (I1) and the values are 1475.52, 1205.20 and 1059.44 m 3 /fed. On the other hand, the lowest values for the same abovementioned studied parameters were recorded under irrigation interval, I5 and the values are 990.64, 905.16 and 850.44 m 3 /fed. for seasonal water applied, water stored in the effective root zone and water consumptive use, respectively. Generally, the values of the three abovementioned studied parameters can be descended in order (I1) > (I2) > (I3) > (I4) > (I5). Concerning water application efficiency (WAE%) the mean values were slightly affected by irrigation intervals. The highest mean values were recorded under irrigation interval (I4) and the values are 94.92 and 94.47 %. The lowest mean values were recorded under irrigation interval (I1) and the values are 81.57 and 81.79% in the first and second growing seasons, respectively. Regarding, water productivity (WP) and productivity of irrigation water (PIW), the highest overall mean values were recorded under irrigation interval (I5) and the values are 1.38 and 1.19 kg/ m 3. Meanwhile, the lowest overall mean values were recorded under irrigatio...

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the uppermost cereal grain crop considered as a major stable food for the Egyptian people. Field experiments were conducted during two consecutive winter seasons of 2017-18 and 2018-19 to study the effect of two planting dates (PD) (20th of November and 20th of December) under four different planting methods (PM) (bed broadcast, flat broadcast, drill at 15 cm, and drill at 25 cm apart rows) on the productivity and water relations of wheat genotype (Egypt 1). The study is intended to assess the water relations for wheat planting dates and planting methods and determine the role of late planting date and planting methods on wheat productivity. Results showed that the values of grain yields and some attributed yields were highly significantly affected by planting dates and methods in the two growing seasons. Planting wheat at the optimal date (20th November) was better than sowing at the late date (20th December) for all values obtained from the studied parameters in both seasons of the study. The bed broadcast planting method gave the highest mean values for all studied parameters except the plant height which was recorded with drilling seeds at a 15 cm planting method in the two growing seasons. The highest values of water applied were recorded with the first date under the borders planting method (PD1M2), while the lowest of Aw recorded was from beds planting method with the second date. The highest mean values for WP were recorded with the bed broadcast planting method.

Water scarcity and weed infestation are major challenges to soybean production. Therefore, two field experiments were conducted in a strip plot design including three replicates in the 2019 and 2020 summer seasons at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Agricultural Research Centre, Egypt, to investigate the effect of three irrigation levels (I0 (100%), I1 (90%), and I2 (80%)), and six weed control treatments of pendimethalin (T1), oxyfluorfen (T2), bentazon + clethodim (T3), imazethapyr (T4), hand-hoeing twice (T5), and untreated check (T6) on annual weeds, physiological traits, water relations, and yield and its components of soybean cv Giza 111. Results indicated that intermediate irrigation levels lead to the highest yield and economic return, while the herbicide program that resulted in the greatest weed control gave the highest yield. The rate of weed infestation in field experiments was 19.7 and 21.8 t ha−1 dry weights, which decreased soybean yield by 56.9 and 57.1%, compared to treatment (T4). The interactions between 100 irrigation level (I0) and imazethapyr (T4), bentazon + clethodim (T3), and hand-hoeing twice (T5) gave the highest significant values of the most studied characters. Furthermore, under 90% irrigation, all weed control treatments give the best control of weeds and the highest values of the economic criteria.

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The study was conducted in order to assess the impact of climate change on faba bean (Vicia faba L.) yield and to investigate the possible options for overcoming these negative impacts. To find out the negative effect of climatic change (CC) on faba bean yield, a field trial was carried out at Sakha Agricultural Research Station during the two successive winter growing seasons 2013/2014 and 2014/2015. The investigation consists of four irrigation intervals ; Treatment A: rainfall treatment i.e. given only the planting irrigation and left to rainfall during the growing season (control), Treatment B: given one irrigation following the planting one, Treatment C: given two irrigations after the planting irrigation and Treatment D: given three irrigations following the planting irrigation. The Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) is the simulating model which compare the observed values obtainded from the experiment with that predicted by the model. To run thus program, input elements of weather, parameters of both soil and faba bean were used. Without adaptation scenario, by using the climatic data, Pods and Seeds with decreased from -12.43 to -26.11% and from -9.32 to -23.16% for yield of pods and seeds, respectively in the years 2025 to 2100. The adverse impacts of CC could be minimized under adptation scenario of deleying one month from current planting data. The corresponding values of pods and seeds will be decreased from -6.34 to -20.11% and from -5.41 to -16.26%, respectively. In conclusion, DSSAT was able to simulate dry bean crop parameters under current conditions with a difference from 0.4 to 0.7% compared to the actual yield. The main results showed that: the impact of CC on faba bean production was evaluated using CC scenario A 1 by the year 2025, 2050, 2075 and 2100 comparing with that predicted under the current conditions of season 2013/2014 and 2014/2015. Mean air temperature is projecting to an increase between 1.9 and 2.5 ºC during faba bean growing seasons for 2025 to 2100.

In intercropping system, the utilization of different nutrients and water is an effective, as well as the risk of failure of cultivated crops is lessened. Field experiments were conducted at Sakha Experimental Farm Kafer EL-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt during two successive growing seasons 2017/18 and 2018/19 to investigate the effect of intercropping faba bean (CV. Giza 843) with sugar beet (CV. Geloria) grown under water stress and furrow width treatments on growth, yields, quality and some water relations for both crops .Split-plot design was used in the current investigation, the main plots contained three levels of water stress (two, three and four irrigations through the whole growing season in addition sowing irrigation for all treatment),while the sub -plots contained three furrow width(60, 90and 120cm) for faba bean. Sugar beet seeds were sown on the two sides and faba bean seeds were sown on upper ridge at furrow width 120 cm (C). The highest values for growth traits, yields for sugar beet and faba bean intercropping, applied and consumed water were obtained when plants were irrigated four irrigations (I3) and the furrow width 120 cm, but it was recorded the lowest values of water efficiencies. A significant interaction effect was found between the two factors of irrigation and furrow width on most of studied traits. The highest Land Equivalent Ratios (LER; 1.54 and 1.52) and the highest total income (15399.95 and 15030.45 L.E.) were obtained irrigation treatment (I3) and furrow width 120 cm.