Water scarcity and weed infestation are major challenges to soybean production. Therefore, two field experiments were conducted in a strip plot design including three replicates in the 2019 and 2020 summer seasons at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Agricultural Research Centre, Egypt, to investigate the effect of three irrigation levels (I0 (100%), I1 (90%), and I2 (80%)), and six weed control treatments of pendimethalin (T1), oxyfluorfen (T2), bentazon + clethodim (T3), imazethapyr (T4), hand-hoeing twice (T5), and untreated check (T6) on annual weeds, physiological traits, water relations, and yield and its components of soybean cv Giza 111. Results indicated that intermediate irrigation levels lead to the highest yield and economic return, while the herbicide program that resulted in the greatest weed control gave the highest yield. The rate of weed infestation in field experiments was 19.7 and 21.8 t ha−1 dry weights, which decreased soybean yield by 56.9 and 57.1%, compared to treatment (T4). The interactions between 100 irrigation level (I0) and imazethapyr (T4), bentazon + clethodim (T3), and hand-hoeing twice (T5) gave the highest significant values of the most studied characters. Furthermore, under 90% irrigation, all weed control treatments give the best control of weeds and the highest values of the economic criteria.
Two field experiments were conducted during the two successive seasons of 2013 and 2014 at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, to evaluate the efficiency of plant densities, genotypes and weed control treatments on soybean and associated weeds. Split-split plot design with four replications was used. The main plots included three plant densities (168000, 144000 and 120000 plants/ fed), the sub plots included two soybean genotypes (Giza 111 and Toano). Meanwhile, the sub-sub plots included six weed control treatments (prometryne at 1.0 L/fed; pendimethalin at 1.5 L/fed) plus one hand hoeing; (prometryne and pendimethan) followed by fluzifop-pbuty at of 1.0 L/fed, hand hoeing twice and unweeded control treatment. Results showed that increasing plant density reduced dry weight of broadleaved, grassy and total weeds under combined, reduced dry weight of broad-leaved, grassy and total weeds by 26.4, 27.9 and 26.9%, to Toano. However, Giza 111 suppressed the growth of broad-leaved, grassy and total weeds by 28.7, 24.7 and 27.3%, respectively, and increased soybean seed yield by 6.67%. All weed control treatments reduced dry weight of broad-leaved, grassy and total weeds as compared with control treatment. Yield losses under control treatment were estimated by 39.66% as compared with prometryne/ one hand hoeing treatment. Seed yield (ton/fed) was positively correlated with yield components and negatively correlated with most weeds in combined analysis. Thus, weed control of soybean depended on weed control integrated in this crop. Whereas plant density reduced the weeds by 26.9%, genotypes by 27.3% and prometryne/one hand hoeing by 89.8%. Meanwhile, the integration between such factors as plant density, genotypes and weed control treatments reduced the weeds by 94.0%.
Two field experiments were carried out during two successive winter seasons (2016/17-2017/18) at Agricultural Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Agricultural Research Center, to study the effect of twenty four treatments which were a combination of eight weed control treatments (i.e., Against, Against with hand hoeing once, Floro, Floro with hand hoeing once, Stomp extra, Stomp extra with hand hoeing once, hand hoeing twice and unweeded check) and three planting population including 120, 180 and 240 thousand plants/fad on weeds control, growth characters, onion production and its quality. All tested weed control treatments significantly increased onion growth characters and yield during the two seasons. Weed control treatment by Floro at rate of 750 cm 3 /fad+ hand hoeing once at 45 days after transplanting, reduced percentage of dry weight of broad-leaved, grassy and total weeds at 60 and 90 days after transplanting by (97.08 & 96.39 %), (90.50 & 90.50%) and (96.20 & 95.20 %) in the average survey in 2016/17 and 2017/18 seasons, respectively, compared to unweeded check. The same treatment produced the highest average bulb weight, marketable and total bulbs yield per fad by about 45.67, 74.56 and 59.78 % when compared with unweeded check in the average of both seasons, respectively with best storability along with bulbs quality at low cost of onion production, demonstrate that weed control is very important in the onion fields. Also, onion plant grown at 180 thousand plants/fad revealed a very promising effect for marketable and total yield with the average of 17.89 and 20.24 % in conjunction with a great reduction in the total weed biomass/m 2 at 60 and 90 days after transplanting by about 25.51 and 25.77 % in the two seasons compared to 120 thousand plants/fad., respectively. The maximum values of total soluble solids, percentage of dry matter in bulbs, and remaining marketable bulbs after storage for six months were achieved under the density of 120 or 180 thousand plants/fad in both seasons. Total bulb yield/fad showed highly significant negative correlation with each of dry weight of broad-leaved, grassy and total weeds as well as culls yield/fad. Therefore, the use of integration between Floro EC 24% as post-emergence herbicide at rate of 750 cm 3 /fad (21 days after transplanting) followed by hand hoeing once at 45 days after transplanting plus plant density of 180 thousand plants/fad is the best choice for the onion farmers of this area to achieve maximum onion bulb yield/fad, storability and quality of onions with higher economic returns.
Two field experiments were conducted during 2005/06 and 2006/07 winter seasons at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Egypt to investigate the performance of three cultivars of faba bean (Misr 1, Giza 843, and Sakha 2) under some broomrape control treatments and their effects on yield and its components of faba bean. Orbanche control treatments were: glyphosate 36 g a.i. applied once or twice; imazapic 20 g a.i. applied once or twice; in addition to hand pulling and weedy check.Results indicated that faba bean Misr 1 variety decreased number of broomrape spikes/m² by 42.89 and 27.38%; weight of broomrape spikes/m² by 20.43 and 20.17%; spikes length by 19.94 and 19.68% and number of capsules/spikes by 28.5 and 42.65 %, respectively during 2005/06 and 2006/07 seasons. Faba bean variety Misr 1 recorded the highest values of yield and its component characters, followed by faba bean Giza 843 variety as compared to faba bean Sakha 2 variety during both seasons. Also, data revealed that all weed control treatment significantly decreased broomrape infestation parameters and increased crop yield and its components, significantly in both seasons.Ressults revealed that all broomrape control treatments gave highly significant increase in seed yield ( ardab/ fed ), the highest values was obtained from imazapic (twice) and hand pulling (twice), followed by imazapic (once), glyphosate (twice) and glyphosate (once) by 106.93, 99.01, 82.83, 70.96 and 41.58% in the first season, and by 101.27, 94.62. 91.77, 63.29 and 37.03% in second season, respectively.The interaction between varieties and weed control treatments exerted a significant impact on broomrape infestation characters in both seasons, and this reflected on faba bean yield and its components. These results indicate that under heavy invested soil with broomrape, it is possible to grow tolerant cultivars (Misr 1 and Giza 843) with the application of herbicides i.e imazapic or glyphosate (twice). These practices gave the highest reduction in broomrape injury and increased faba bean yield and its components.
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