Chitosan is a biodegradable and biocompatible natural polymer that has been extensively explored in recent decades. The Food and Drug Administration has approved chitosan for wound treatment and nutritional use. Furthermore, chitosan has paved the way for advancements in different biomedical applications including as a nanocarrier and tissue-engineering scaffold. Its antibacterial, antioxidant, and haemostatic properties make it an excellent option for wound dressings. Because of its hydrophilic nature, chitosan is an ideal starting material for biocompatible and biodegradable hydrogels. To suit specific application demands, chitosan can be combined with fillers, such as hydroxyapatite, to modify the mechanical characteristics of pH-sensitive hydrogels. Furthermore, the cationic characteristics of chitosan have made it a popular choice for gene delivery and cancer therapy. Thus, the use of chitosan nanoparticles in developing novel drug delivery systems has received special attention. This review aims to provide an overview of chitosan-based nanoparticles, focusing on their versatile properties and different applications in biomedical sciences and engineering.

One of the most common causes of female infertility is polycystic ovarian syndrome, which affects 6–21% of the population. Regrettably, the currently available treatments are mostly symptomatic and ineffective. As a result, safer options are needed now more than ever. In a letrozole PCOS albino mouse model, the current study compares the therapeutic advantages of Turmeric extract (Curcuma longa) to metformin. Adiponectin is a circulating protein generated by adipocytes that has been linked to metabolic diseases (MDs) in an inverse relationship. The effects of Turmeric Extract (Curcuma Longa) in contrast to Metformin, as well as the involvement of adiponectin in endocrine-metabolic abnormalities in experimentally induced PCOS mice model, were studied in this study. Letrozole (6 mg/kg) was administered orally (p.o) for 21 days to induce PCOS, followed by a dose of Turmeric Extract (Curcuma longa) (175 mg/kg and p.o) and Metformin (150 mg/kg) for 30 days, both with normal saline water (0.9%) as the carrier. The findings revealed that LET-treated mice displayed PCOS-like characteristics, such as higher LH levels, increased body weight growth, and ovarian morphology with numerous cysts, increase in fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, plasma lipid peroxidation (MDA) and IL-6, as well as a decrease in serum Progesterone, Estrogen, FSH, SOD and GSH levels in the ovary. These changes were linked to lower levels of circulating adiponectin and were reversed when treated Turmeric extract. By altering circulating androgen-adiponectin balance, the data implies that Turmeric extract alleviates endocrine-metabolic abnormalities and inflammation-related comorbidities associated with LET-induced PCOS.

Around the world, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine-metabolic condition that typically affects 6–20% of females. Our study’s major goal was to examine how chlorogenic acid (CGA) affected mice with endocrine and metabolic problems brought on by letrozole-induced PCOS. Group I served as the control for 81 days; Group II was given Letrozole (LETZ) orally at a dose of 6 mg/kg bw for 21 days to induce PCOS; Group III was given LETZ (6 mg/kg) for 21 days, followed by treatment with CGA (50 mg/kg bw daily) for 60 days. The study indicated that LETZ-treated mice displayed symptoms of PCOS, such as dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, elevated testosterone, increases in inflammatory markers and malonaldehyde, and a decline in antioxidants (Ar, lhr, fshr, and esr2) in the ovaries. These alterations were affected when the mice were given CGA and were associated with reduced levels of adiponectin. Adiponectin showed interactions with hub genes, namely MLX interacting protein like (MLXIPL), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma Coactivator 1- alpha (PPARGC1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparg), and adiponectin receptor 1 (Adipor1). Lastly, the gene ontology of adiponectin revealed that adiponectin was highly involved in biological processes. The findings from our research suggest that adiponectin has direct impacts on metabolic and endocrine facets of PCOS.

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