Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) continue to provide essential services for various applications such as surveillance, data gathering, and data transmission from hazardous environments to safer destinations. This has been enhanced by the energy-efficient routing protocols that are mostly designed for such purposes. Gateway-based Energy-Aware Multi-hop Routing protocol (MGEAR) is one of the homogenous routing schemes that was recently designed to more efficiently reduce the energy consumption of distant nodes. However, it has been found that the protocol has a high energy consumption rate, lower stability period, and poorer data transmission to the Base station (BS) when it was deployed for a longer period of time. In this paper, an enhanced Heterogeneous Gateway-based Energy-Aware multi-hop routing protocol (HMGEAR) is proposed. The proposed routing scheme is based on the introduction of heterogeneous nodes in the existing scheme, selection of the head based on the residual energy, introduction of multi-hop communication strategy in all the regions of the network, and implementation of energy hole elimination technique. All these strategies are aiming at reducing energy consumption and extend the life of the network. Results show that the proposed routing scheme outperforms two existing ones in terms of stability period, throughputs, residual energy, and the lifetime of the network.
An in-depth study of Stable Election Protocol (SEP) revealed that, distance was not considered in selecting the cluster heads in the network. This allows a distant node that is selected as the head to dissipate huge energy in transmitting data to the Base station (BS). It was further observed that, whenever the Base station is relocated outside the field, the energy consumption of the network is high and hence shortening the lifetime of the network. In this paper, a Gateway-SEP protocol is proposed. The G-SEP modified the election probability of electing cluster heads by considering the distance, average distance and residual energy of the advanced nodes. The scheme also introduced a gateway node at the centre of the network and then installed the BS outside the field. Simulation results using MatLab R2017a showed that, the G-SEP performs better than Zonal-Stable Election protocol (ZSEP) in terms of coverage, stability period, throughput and network lifetime.
This paper proposes two efficient residue to binary converters on a new three-moduli set using the Chinese Remainder Theorem. The proposed reverse converters are adder based and memoryless. In comparison with other moduli sets with similar dynamic range, the new schemes out-perform the existing schemes in terms of both hardware cost and relative performance.
Over the years, Steganography and Cryptography have been complementary techniques for enforcing security of digital data. The need for the development of robust multi-layered schemes to counter the exponential grow in the power of computing devices that can compromise security is critical in the design and implementation of security systems. Therefore, we propose a new combined steganographic and cryptographic scheme using the operators of genetic algorithm (GA) such selection, crossover and mutation, and some properties of the residue number system (RNS) with an appropriate fusing technique in order to embed encrypted text within images. The proposed scheme was tested using MatLab R R2017b and a CORE TM i7 processor. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can be deployed at one level with only the stego image containing the encrypted hidden message and at another level where the stego message is further encrypted. An analysis based on standard key metrics such as visual perception and statistical methods on steganalysis and cryptanalysis show that the proposed scheme is robust, is not complex with reduced runtime and will consume less power due to the use of residue numbers when compared to similar existing schemes.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.