Respiratory tract infections are the main cause of children's morbidity and mortality both in the developing and the developed countries. An accurate understanding of the epidemiology of these diseases, identification of risk factors, etiology and seasonality are critical for successful treatment and/or prevention program. Evidence Acquisition: This article aims at offering clinicians a brief update on the recent epidemiology of respiratory infections in pediatrics. It also underlines the fact that any evidence-based recommendation needs more research in different areas. Results: Almost 150 million new episodes of pneumonia are identified per year worldwide more than 90% of which occur in developing countries. Nearly 30% of total annual deaths occur in children younger than 5 years old. Viruses remain the most common cause of RTIs. S. pneumonia and HIB are the main causes of bacterial pneumonia in the world; however, infections due to many of these pathogens can be prevented. Conclusions: Widespread immunization against influenza, measles, bacilli calmette-guerin (BCG) and now pneumococcus have been related to the decline of the LRTIs in children.

In the surgical management of pericardial effusion, patients with underlying malignant disease, especially with lung cancer, patients with a detectable invasion of thorax in computed tomography and those with positive echocardiographic findings compatible with tamponade have a poor survival. Therefore, minimally invasive therapies could be considered as a more acceptable alternative for these high-risk patients.

This report described a 2-year-old boy who was presented with severe respiratory distress and stridor. Bronchoscopy and CT revealed a mass in the left anterolateral tracheal wall and histopathology showed a tracheal inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. Initial removal by rigid bronchoscopy resulted in prompt recurrence of the tumor. Therefore, he underwent tracheal surgical resection. A bronchoscopy at 12 months after surgery did not show any recurrence sign.

The clinical outcome of cystic fibrosis is variable in different countries which may reflect environmental influences and the role of early diagnosis on long term outcomes. However, the role of early diagnosis in long-term outcomes of the disease can not be ignored.

Background: Cystic fibrosis is a complex progressive disease which assessing its progression and severity is essential. For this purpose there are scoring systems available to evaluate the disease severity. Objectives:The aim of the present study was to determine the clinical status of CF patients using shwachman score system in the pediatric pulmonary ward of Masih Daneshvari Hospital. Patients and Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the clinical status with shwachman score system. 23 patients ranging from 5 to23 years were enrolled in this study. All data was extracted objectively from Shwachman-Kulczycki scoring system. Results: The overall mean Shwachman-Kulczycki score was 53.48 ± 13.8. Total scores of < 40 (severe), 41-55, 56-70, and 71-85 were detected in 1.7%, 39.1%, 30.4% and 8.7% of patients respectively. None of the patients were categorized in the excellent range. We found no statistically significant correlation between mortality rate and clinical score (P = 0.136). However, the results showed a statistically significant correlation between mortality rate and Shwachman score, (P = 0.02). Conclusions: Shwachman-Kulczycki score is an easily applied scoring system which can reflect the clinical status of patients objectively. However, concurrent use of other evaluating tools such as pulmonary function test (PFT) and Computed tomography scoring systems provide a more robust monitoring and a reliable evaluation tool.

In this study, continuous renal replacement therapy in heart transplant recipients with reduced kidney function was associated with an improvement in estimated glomerular filtration rate status in comparison with furosemide.

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