Background and Aim:Excessive use of trypanocidal drugs can lead to cases of drug resistance. Multiple cases of resistance have been widely reported for drugs such as isometamidium chloride and diminazene aceturate. These cases deserve serious attention, especially in Indonesia, where the first case was recorded and where the molecular basis of trypanocidal drug resistance has never been evaluated. This study aimed to analyze the multidrug resistance protein (MRP) gene in Trypanosoma evansi isolates, sampled from Indonesia, by focusing on the phylogenetic relationship between these isolates and other Trypanosoma spp.Materials and Methods:A total of 88 blood samples were drawn from buffaloes in the Ngawi district, Indonesia. Animals infected with T. evansi were detected through the microhematocrit technique and Giemsa blood smear methods. Positive blood samples were used to inoculate in male mice (Mus musculus BALB-C strain) as an animal model for culturing the T. evansi. The genomic DNA of the blood taken from the T. evansi- infected mice was used for polymerase chain reaction amplification, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis.Results:Two genes were analyzed; the first gene detected for T. evansi corresponded to Trypanosoma
brucei with a homology of 99% and the second gene to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, with a homology of 100%. These two genes of the MRP from T. evansi showed clear similarity to the MRPE and MRPA genes of the T. brucei ssp.Conclusion:The MRP gene is conserved on the subspecies level of T. brucei. Only few point mutations were found between various sequences, which mean that the proteins have the same structure. This is important to treat the parasite with the appropriate drugs in the future.
Kota Malang menjadi salah satu daerah endemis yang memiliki insiden DBD yang cukup tinggi. Disisi lain, efek pandemic covid-19 yang mengharuskan masyarakat lebih banyak melakukan aktivitas di rumah, memungkinkan jumlah infeksi DBD akan meningkat sehingga perlu upaya penanggulangan. Peran masyarakat dalam penurunan angka kejadian DBD sangat vital, karena pemberantasan DBD yang paling efektif yaitu dengan memutus siklus hidup nyamuk. Salah satu cara untuk memutus siklus hidup nyamuk adalah dengan membuat perangkap telur nyamuk (Ovitrap). Pada era pandemik aktivitas sosialisasi tidak dapat dilakukan secara massive, dalam hal ini guru memiliki peran kunci untuk menyebar luaskan informasi kepada siswa tentang prilaku hidup bersih (PHBS) guna menanggulangi DBD. Sosialisasi ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pemahaman guru tentang penyakit DBD, cara penanggulangan, cara pembuatan ovitrap, dan meningkatkan kesadaran guru untuk berpartisipasi dalam mengingatkan siswa untuk selalu menjaga melakukan PHBS seperti pemberantasan sarang nyamuk dengan metode 3M Plus. Metode yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut adalah melalui kegiatan sosialisasi pencegahan DBD dan pembuatan ovitrap. Bertempat di aula SMP Muhammadiyah 1 Malang dilaksanakan penyuluhan tentang penyakit DBD. Respon positif dan antusiasme guru terhadap pelaksanaan sosialisasi ditunjukkan dari rata-rata pengetahuan guru tentang DBD yang baik.
Malang Regency is an endemic area for cases of DHF (Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever) in East Java Province. One of the efforts to reduce the number of cases is to control the breeding of the Aedes aegypti mosquito which is the main vector. However, this will depend on the susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti to the insecticides used, one of which is malathion. This study aims to determine the susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes to malathion insecticides in Malang Regency in the southern part. This descriptive observational study used adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes obtained from the landing collection of larvae from three sub-districts in Malang Regency in the southern part (Kepanjen, Gondanglegi, and Bantur). The location selection was done by simple random sampling technique. The larvae of the Aedes aegypti mosquito were then reared in the Chemistry Laboratory, University of Muhammadiyah Malang. Adult mosquitoes with stomach conditions full of sugar were then tested using the susceptibility test which refers to WHO standards. The results showed that the mortality rate of the tested mosquitoes in the Districts of Kepanjen, Gondanglegi, and Bantur, respectively, reached 98%, 93%, and 96%. This shows that the Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in the three locations are classified as tolerant to the insecticide malathion by 0.8%. Thus, it can be concluded that the insecticide malathion is still effectively used as vector control for DHF (Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever) in Malang Regency.
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